E-Cigarettes: A Review of New Trends in Cannabis Use
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Context
1.2. E-cigarette Hardware
2. Literature Search
3. Vaporized Material
3.1. Context
3.2. Manufacture of Marijuana Vape E-Liquids
3.3. Feasibility and Efficiency of Cannabis E-Liquid Vaping Using Electronic Cigarettes
3.4. Vaping without E-Liquid
3.5. E-liquids Made with Synthetic Cannabinoids
3.6. Vaping Recreational Drugs with E-Cigarettes
4. Analytical Characterization of Selected E-Liquids
4.1. Context
4.2. Methods of Analysis
4.3. Analysis of a Commercially Available Cannabidiol E-Liquid
4.4. Manufacture of a BHO Sample
5. Users’ Acceptance and Putative Benefits
5.1. Epidemiology
5.2. Putative Advantages of Cannabis E-Cigarettes over Regular Joints
- (a)
- Puffing cannabis vapors generated at low temperatures should be far less toxic than inhaling cannabis smoke formed during combustion in a joint.
- (b)
- Vaping raw cannabis or THC concentrates alone (without tobacco or nicotinic liquids) should diminish the exposure to tobacco toxicants and lessen the addiction to nicotine.
- (c)
- Vaping cannabis using an e-cig, especially by regular or heavy marijuana smokers interested in quitting smoking, could diminish cannabis use and be a first step towards abstinence [34].
- (d)
- Unlike cannabis smoking, vaping is better suited for medical applications [23].
- (e)
- Finally, e-cig technology is rapidly developing, suggesting that more reliable, safer equipment, optimized for the administration of cannabis and other drugs, will be marketed in the near future.
6. Health Issues
6.1. Acute Toxicity, Risk of Poisoning
6.2. Chronic Toxicity of Cannabis E-Liquids, Health Issues
6.3. Environmental and Passive Contamination Caused by Cannabis Vaped-Drugs
7. Discussion and Conclusions
7.1. Future Perspectives
7.2. Health Fears, Recommendations, and Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Giroud, C.; De Cesare, M.; Berthet, A.; Varlet, V.; Concha-Lozano, N.; Favrat, B. E-Cigarettes: A Review of New Trends in Cannabis Use. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 9988-10008. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120809988
Giroud C, De Cesare M, Berthet A, Varlet V, Concha-Lozano N, Favrat B. E-Cigarettes: A Review of New Trends in Cannabis Use. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(8):9988-10008. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120809988
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiroud, Christian, Mariangela De Cesare, Aurélie Berthet, Vincent Varlet, Nicolas Concha-Lozano, and Bernard Favrat. 2015. "E-Cigarettes: A Review of New Trends in Cannabis Use" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 8: 9988-10008. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120809988