Association Between Geographic Elevation, Bone Status, and Exercise Habits: The Shimane CoHRE Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Bone Measurement
2.3. Elevation
2.4. Other Measures
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Men | Women | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exercise habits | Exercise habits | ||||||||||
Yes (n = 115) | No (n = 206) | Yes (n = 187) | No (n = 313) | ||||||||
n | % ormean (SD) | n | % ormean (SD) | p | n | % ormean (SD) | n | % ormean (SD) | p | ||
Bone status (%YAM), % | 115 | 90.0 (10.8) | 206 | 90.4 (11.7) | 0.876 | 187 | 83.4 (8.9) | 313 | 83.2 (10.6) | 0.408 | |
Elevation, m | 115 | 71.2 (60.2) | 206 | 124.6 (107.6) | <0.001 | 187 | 112.4 (115.4) | 313 | 106.3 (97.0) | 0.488 | |
Age, years | 115 | 71.6 (7.2) | 206 | 70.9 (7.7) | 0.247 | 187 | 70.3 (6.1) | 313 | 69.3 (7.0) | 0.022 | |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 115 | 22.4 (2.7) | 206 | 22.4 (3.2) | 0.969 | 187 | 22.0 (2.8) | 313 | 21.8 (3.0) | 0.453 | |
Age at menopause, years | 187 | 49.8 (4.7) | 313 | 49.2 (4.7) | 0.118 | ||||||
Parental hip fracture, % | 9 | 7.8 | 22 | 10.7 | 0.407 | 21 | 11.2 | 27 | 8.6 | 0.339 | |
Current smoking, % | 16 | 13.9 | 25 | 12.1 | 0.647 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.3 | 0.712 | |
Drinking alcohol, % | 84 | 73.0 | 161 | 78.2 | 0.302 | 54 | 28.9 | 81 | 25.9 | 0.465 | |
Car driver, % | 112 | 97.4 | 202 | 98.1 | 0.695 | 114 | 61.0 | 212 | 67.7 | 0.124 | |
Calcium intake, % | 70 | 60.9 | 100 | 48.5 | 0.034 | 127 | 67.9 | 181 | 57.8 | 0.025 |
Exercise habits (n = 115) | No exercise habits (n = 206) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | t | p-value | B | SE | t | p-value | ||
Elevation | 6.545 | 4.207 | 1.556 | 0.123 | –0.691 | 2.475 | –0.279 | 0.780 | |
Age, years | –0.120 | 0.165 | –0.727 | 0.469 | –0.322 | 0.115 | –2.805 | 0.006 | |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 0.143 | 0.406 | 0.352 | 0.725 | 0.085 | 0.260 | 0.326 | 0.745 | |
Parental hip fracture, no vs. yes | 8.671 | 3.957 | 2.191 | 0.031 | 1.911 | 2.644 | 0.723 | 0.471 | |
Current smoking, no vs. yes | –2.983 | 3.268 | –0.913 | 0.363 | 1.830 | 2.594 | 0.705 | 0.481 | |
Drinking alcohol, no vs. yes | 0.490 | 2.341 | 0.210 | 0.834 | 0.639 | 1.995 | 0.320 | 0.749 | |
Car driver, no vs. yes | 1.406 | 6.536 | 0.215 | 0.830 | –0.393 | 6.010 | –0.065 | 0.948 | |
Calcium intake, no vs. yes | 3.011 | 2.130 | 1.414 | 0.160 | 1.019 | 1.644 | 0.619 | 0.536 |
Exercise habits (n = 187) | No exercise habits (n = 313) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | t | p-value | B | SE | t | p-value | ||
Elevation | 2.298 | 1.852 | 1.241 | 0.216 | 3.686 | 1.710 | 2.155 | 0.032 | |
Age, years | –0.192 | 0.118 | –1.630 | 0.105 | –0.363 | 0.089 | –4.099 | <0.001 | |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 0.177 | 0.227 | 0.778 | 0.437 | 0.946 | 0.184 | 5.144 | <0.001 | |
Age at menopause, years | 0.189 | 0.140 | 1.350 | 0.179 | 0.056 | 0.117 | 0.480 | 0.632 | |
Parental hip fracture, no vs. yes | 1.089 | 2.047 | 0.532 | 0.595 | 1.479 | 1.984 | 0.745 | 0.457 | |
Drinking alcohol, no vs. yes | 1.955 | 1.481 | 1.320 | 0.188 | 1.047 | 1.285 | 0.815 | 0.416 | |
Car driver, no vs. yes | 0.968 | 1.476 | 0.656 | 0.513 | 0.973 | 1.350 | 0.721 | 0.472 | |
Calcium intake, no vs. yes | –0.096 | 1.402 | –0.068 | 0.946 | 2.081 | 1.121 | 1.856 | 0.064 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Takeda, M.; Hamano, T.; Kohno, K.; Yano, S.; Shiwaku, K.; Nabika, T. Association Between Geographic Elevation, Bone Status, and Exercise Habits: The Shimane CoHRE Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 7392-7399. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120707392
Takeda M, Hamano T, Kohno K, Yano S, Shiwaku K, Nabika T. Association Between Geographic Elevation, Bone Status, and Exercise Habits: The Shimane CoHRE Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(7):7392-7399. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120707392
Chicago/Turabian StyleTakeda, Miwako, Tsuyoshi Hamano, Kunie Kohno, Shozo Yano, Kuninori Shiwaku, and Toru Nabika. 2015. "Association Between Geographic Elevation, Bone Status, and Exercise Habits: The Shimane CoHRE Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 7: 7392-7399. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120707392
APA StyleTakeda, M., Hamano, T., Kohno, K., Yano, S., Shiwaku, K., & Nabika, T. (2015). Association Between Geographic Elevation, Bone Status, and Exercise Habits: The Shimane CoHRE Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(7), 7392-7399. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120707392