Contamination and Spatial Variation of Heavy Metals in the Soil-Rice System in Nanxun County, Southeastern China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Study Area and Sampling Site Description
2.2. Laboratory Analyses
2.3. Evaluation Method for Soil Pollution and Standard
Heavy Metals | Background Values in Zhejiang | The First Level | The Second Level | The Third Level | Food Safety Standards (in Rice) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH < 6.5 | pH 6.5–7.5 | pH > 7.5 | pH > 6.5 | ||||
Cd | 0.129 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.2 |
Cu | 30.54 | 35 | 50 | 100 | 100 | 400 | 10 |
Ni | 36.48 | 40 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 200 | 10 |
Pb | 30.46 | 35 | 250 | 300 | 350 | 500 | 0.2 |
Zn | 107.79 | 100 | 200 | 250 | 300 | 500 | 50 |
2.4. Geostatistical Analysis
2.5. Data Analysis with Computer Software
3. Results
3.1. Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Soil-Rice System
Metals | Mean | SD | Min | Max | Kurtosis | Skewness | CV (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cdsoil | 0.21 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.78 | 33.90 (0.32) | 4.66 (0.29) | 34.96 |
Cusoil | 31.06 | 7.45 | 18.80 | 82.31 | 22.22 (0.82) | 3.50 (0.21) | 23.97 |
Nisoil | 32.14 | 6.75 | 18.49 | 55.59 | 0.38 | 0.19 | 21.00 |
Pbsoil | 33.20 | 5.34 | 20.19 | 51.71 | 1.07 | 0.65 | 16.08 |
Znsoil | 106.82 | 30.05 | 61.55 | 266.93 | 9.30 (0.37) | 2.33 (0.39) | 28.13 |
Cdrice | 0.011 | 0.015 | 0.003 | 0.103 | 28.13(1.67) | 5.04 (1.07) | 126.88 |
Curice | 2.49 | 0.74 | 1.06 | 4.23 | −0.13 | 0.22 | 29.62 |
Nirice | 0.125 | 0.173 | 0.025 | 1.403 | 36.43 (1.47) | 5.66 (0.81) | 138.64 |
Znrice | 14.28 | 2.70 | 9.45 | 21.97 | −0.21 | 0.59 | 18.93 |
3.2. The Accumulation and Pollution of Heavy Metals in Paddy Fields
Metals | Background Value as Critical Value | Second Grade Standardized Value as Critical Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Min | Max | Ratio (%) | Mean | Min | Max | Ratio (%) | |
Cd | 1.65 | 0.91 | 6.06 | 99.00 | 0.71 | 0.39 | 2.61 | 6.00 |
Cu | 1.02 | 0.62 | 2.70 | 49.00 | 0.62 | 0.38 | 1.65 | 2.00 |
Ni | 0.88 | 0.51 | 1.52 | 27.00 | 0.80 | 0.46 | 1.39 | 9.00 |
Pb | 1.09 | 0.66 | 1.70 | 69.00 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.21 | 0 |
Zn | 0.99 | 0.57 | 2.48 | 40.00 | 0.53 | 0.31 | 1.33 | 2.00 |
Standard | Clean I * < 0.7 | Precaution Level 0.7 < I < 1 | Light Pollution 1 < I < 2 | Moderate Pollution 2 < I < 3 | Heavy Pollution I > 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Background Value | 0 | 5 | 88 | 6 | 1 |
Second grade Standardized Value | 43 | 54 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
3.3. Transfer Rate of Heavy Metals from Soil to Rice
3.4. Spatial Structure and Spatial Distribution
Metals | Distribution Type | Models | (Nugget) C0 | (Sill) C0 + C | (Nugget/Sill %) C0/(C0 + C) | Range A (km) | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cdsoil | Log-normal | Spherical | 0.011 | 0.043 | 25.6 | 0.80 | 0.986 |
Cusoil | Log-normal | Exponential | 0.014 | 0.047 | 29.6 | 31.68 | 0.972 |
Nisoil | Normal | Spherical | 18.50 | 55.82 | 33.1 | 21.07 | 0.960 |
Pbsoil | Normal | Spherical | 15.91 | 32.55 | 48.9 | 22.43 | 0.876 |
Znsoil | Log-normal | Exponential | 0.030 | 0.059 | 49.9 | 13.26 | 0.796 |
Cdrice | Log-normal | Exponential | 0.252 | 0.775 | 33.4 | 21.33 | 0.824 |
Curice | Normal | Exponential | 0.386 | 0.907 | 42.6 | 12.70 | 0.892 |
Nirice | Log-normal | Exponential | 0.050 | 0.380 | 13.2 | 3.93 | 0.828 |
Znrice | Normal | Exponential | 1.06 | 7.31 | 14.5 | 4.59 | 0.913 |
3.5. Spatial Correlation between Heavy Metals in Rice and Soil Properties
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhao, K.; Fu, W.; Ye, Z.; Zhang, C. Contamination and Spatial Variation of Heavy Metals in the Soil-Rice System in Nanxun County, Southeastern China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 1577-1594. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120201577
Zhao K, Fu W, Ye Z, Zhang C. Contamination and Spatial Variation of Heavy Metals in the Soil-Rice System in Nanxun County, Southeastern China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(2):1577-1594. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120201577
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Keli, Weijun Fu, Zhengqian Ye, and Chaosheng Zhang. 2015. "Contamination and Spatial Variation of Heavy Metals in the Soil-Rice System in Nanxun County, Southeastern China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 2: 1577-1594. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120201577