The Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of Air Pollution in China from 2001–2014
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Site Information
2.2. Data Sources
Pollutant Concentrations(μg/m3) | API | ||
---|---|---|---|
PM10 | SO2 | NO2 | |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
150 | 150 | 120 | 100 |
350 | 800 | 280 | 200 |
420 | 1600 | 565 | 300 |
500 | 2100 | 750 | 400 |
600 | 2620 | 940 | 500 |
IAQI | Pollutant Concentrations (μg/m3) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SO2 | NO2 | CO | O3 | PM2.5 | PM10 | |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
50 | 150 | 100 | 5 | 160 | 35 | 50 |
100 | 500 | 200 | 10 | 200 | 75 | 150 |
150 | 650 | 700 | 35 | 300 | 115 | 250 |
200 | 800 | 1200 | 60 | 400 | 150 | 350 |
300 | 1600 | 2340 | 90 | 800 | 250 | 420 |
400 | 2100 | 3090 | 120 | 1000 | 350 | 500 |
500 | 2620 | 3840 | 150 | 1200 | 500 | 600 |
2.3. Methodology
3. Results
3.1. The Changing Trend of API from 2001–2012
3.2. The Distribution of API and AQI in Different Cities, Months and Hours
3.3. The API and AQI Spatial Clustering
Indicators | Moran’s I | Z | p |
---|---|---|---|
API (2001) | 0.4711 | 4.2833 | 0.001 |
API (2001–2012) | 0.3682 | 3.4336 | 0.001 |
API (2012) | 0.3028 | 2.9888 | 0.006 |
AQI (2014) | 0.4909 | 4.6800 | 0.001 |
3.4. The Shift of the API and AQI Gravity Center
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix
City | Province (Autonomous Region) | Urban Area (km2) | Precipitation (mm) | Average Air Temperature (°C) | Average Relatively Humidity (%) | Population (Million) | Gross Industrial Output Value (Billion RMB) | Freight Traffic (Megatons) | Passenger Traffic (Million) | Industrial Soot and Dust Emission (Tons) | SO2 Emission (Tons) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Harbin | Heilongjiang | 53,068 | 664.1 | 3.6 | 70.4 | 9.94 | 285.16 | 117.64 | 156.18 | 52,257 | 80,740 |
Changchun | Jilin | 20,571 | 717.6 | 4.6 | 63.1 | 7.57 | 829.42 | 162.27 | 144.47 | 40,803 | 69,046 |
Shenyang | Liaoning | 12,860 | 678.1 | 6.4 | 71.2 | 7.25 | 1270.23 | 217.19 | 328.69 | 53,191 | 96,756 |
Hohhot | Inner Mongolia | 17,224 | 562.6 | 7.1 | 46.9 | 2.3 | 130.49 | 147.33 | 29.27 | 18,372 | 99,375 |
Beijing | Municipality | 16,410 | 733.2 | 12.9 | 50.9 | 12.97 | 1559.62 | 262.91 | 1490.37 | 30,844 | 59,330 |
Tianjin | Municipality | 11,946 | 614.5 | 12.6 | 57.2 | 9.93 | 2342.75 | 464.75 | 284.62 | 59,036 | 215,481 |
Shijiazhuang | Hebei | 15,848 | 650.5 | 13.9 | 54.6 | 10.05 | 764.31 | 287.55 | 153.78 | 98,364 | 179,942 |
Taiyuan | Shanxi | 6988 | 448.8 | 10.7 | 51.2 | 3.66 | 258.87 | 142.25 | 53.57 | 42,084 | 101,780 |
Urumqi | Xinjiang Uygur | 14,216 | 286.3 | 7.4 | 52.8 | 2.58 | 215.08 | 182.18 | 49.1 | 51,109 | 109,802 |
Yinchuan | Ningxia Hui | 9461 | 182.4 | 9.8 | 48.1 | 1.67 | 164.76 | 135.2 | 37.34 | 26,348 | 105,743 |
Xining | Qinghai | 7649 | 448.6 | 5.2 | 59 | 1.98 | 103.12 | 32.78 | 52.33 | 49,367 | 71,408 |
Lanzhou | Gansu | 13,085 | 255.5 | 8.3 | 53 | 3.22 | 208.44 | 97.28 | 48.31 | 33,598 | 70,151 |
Xi'an | Shaanxi | 9983 | 423.9 | 15.8 | 58 | 7.96 | 402.32 | 449.24 | 361.54 | 17,463 | 83,063 |
Jinan | Shandong | 8177 | 578.4 | 14.4 | 55.2 | 6.09 | 424.83 | 262.08 | 174.88 | 51,609 | 103,187 |
Nanjing | Jiangsu | 6597 | 799.8 | 16 | 68.1 | 6.38 | 1143.78 | 389.41 | 469.92 | 40,679 | 119,155 |
Shanghai | Municipality | 6340 | 1004.9 | 16.9 | 69.5 | 14.27 | 3189.69 | 941.9 | 174.02 | 87,100 | 240,100 |
Hefei | Anhui | 11,408 | 819 | 16.5 | 73.1 | 7.11 | 660.01 | 337.2 | 344.18 | 41,120 | 45,572 |
Hangzhou | Zhejiang | 16,596 | 1617.2 | 17.2 | 70.7 | 7.01 | 1296.23 | 300.88 | 358.19 | 33,015 | 86,181 |
Fuzhou | Fujian | 11,968 | 1818.7 | 20.2 | 75.2 | 6.55 | 595.49 | 172.13 | 192.79 | 37,487 | 76,225 |
Nanchang | Jiangxi | 7402 | 1793.9 | 18 | 77 | 5.08 | 385.65 | 95.25 | 106.24 | 11,115 | 43,470 |
Zhengzhou | Henan | 7446 | 501 | 15.5 | 53.2 | 10.73 | 941.30 | 266 | 356.6 | 51,242 | 141,246 |
Wuhan | Hubei | 8494 | 1162.6 | 16.4 | 81.4 | 8.22 | 1006.57 | 438.92 | 274.93 | 20,496 | 100,072 |
Changsha | Hunan | 11,819 | 1731 | 17.6 | 76.3 | 6.61 | 705.83 | 259.7 | 364.41 | 11,976 | 21,209 |
Guangzhou | Guangdong | 7434 | 1816.4 | 21.7 | 81.5 | 8.22 | 1606.64 | 751.75 | 760.69 | 12,600 | 66,600 |
Nanning | Guangxi Zhuang | 22,112 | 870.8 | 21.4 | 79.6 | 7.14 | 210.93 | 297.85 | 120.42 | 25,012 | 30,626 |
Haikou | Hainan | 2304 | 1740.4 | 24.6 | 81.7 | 1.62 | 51.60 | 104.13 | 401.16 | 727 | 1834 |
Chengdu | Sichuan | 12,390 | 1343.3 | 16.9 | 77.1 | 11.73 | 784.91 | 395.42 | 1068.74 | 24,723 | 56,730 |
Chongqing | Municipality | 82,402 | 1105.1 | 18.3 | 71.7 | 33.43 | 1309.51 | 1101.36 | 1577.98 | 166,142 | 509,788 |
Guiyang | Guizhou | 8083 | 1260.4 | 13.7 | 84.5 | 3.75 | 159.29 | 166.35 | 464.9 | 19,743 | 65,259 |
Kunming | Yunnan | 21,473 | 814.1 | 16.3 | 66.8 | 5.43 | 301.13 | 261.93 | 159.18 | 58,332 | 113,277 |
Lhasa | Tibet | 29,518 | 367 | 9.6 | 33.5 | 0.56 | 5.83 | 4.77 | 8.6 | 647 | 1075 |
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Bao, J.; Yang, X.; Zhao, Z.; Wang, Z.; Yu, C.; Li, X. The Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of Air Pollution in China from 2001–2014. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 15875-15887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215029
Bao J, Yang X, Zhao Z, Wang Z, Yu C, Li X. The Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of Air Pollution in China from 2001–2014. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(12):15875-15887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215029
Chicago/Turabian StyleBao, Junzhe, Xiping Yang, Zhiyuan Zhao, Zhenkun Wang, Chuanhua Yu, and Xudong Li. 2015. "The Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of Air Pollution in China from 2001–2014" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 12: 15875-15887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215029