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Volume 12
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10.3390/ijerph121215006
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Article

Changes in the Effect of Heat on Mortality in the Last 20 Years in Nine European Cities. Results from the PHASE Project

by
Francesca K. De’ Donato
1,*,
Michela Leone
1,
Matteo Scortichini
1,
Manuela De Sario
1,
Klea Katsouyanni
2,
Timo Lanki
3,
Xavier Basagaña
4,5,6,
Ferran Ballester
6,7,
Christofer Åström
8,
Anna Paldy
9,
Mathilde Pascal
10,
Antonio Gasparrini
11,12,
Bettina Menne
13 and
Paola Michelozzi
1
1
Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Via di Santa Costanza 53, Rome 00198, Italy
2
Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
3
Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Neulaniementie 4, PO Box 95, Kuopio 70701, Finland
4
Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
5
Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
6
Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3–5, Madrid 28029, Spain
7
FISABIO, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, Universitat Jaume I, Universitat de València, Valencia, 46020, Spain
8
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine Umeå University, Umeå 90187, Sweden
9
Jozsef Fodor National Center of Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Department Of Biological Monitoring, Gyali ut 2–6, Po Box 64, Budapest 1097, Hungary
10
Department of Environmental Health (DSE), Institute de Veille Sanitaire, 12, rue du Val d’Osne, Saint Maurice 94415, France
11
Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15–17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK
12
Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
13
WHO Regional Office for Europe, European Centre for Environment and Health, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1, Bonn D-53113, Germany
 
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*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Jan C. Semenza
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(12), 15567-15583; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215006
Received: 9 October 2015 / Revised: 30 November 2015 / Accepted: 1 December 2015 / Published: 8 December 2015
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Human Health)
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Abstract

The European project PHASE aims to evaluate patterns of change in the temperature–mortality relationship and in the number of deaths attributable to heat in nine European cities in two periods, before and after summer 2003 (1996–2002 and 2004–2010). We performed age-specific Poisson regression models separately in the two periods, controlling for seasonality, air pollution and time trends. Distributed lag non-linear models were used to estimate the Relative Risks of daily mortality for increases in mean temperature from the 75th to 99th percentile of the summer distribution for each city. In the recent period, a reduction in the mortality risk associated to heat was observed only in Athens, Rome and Paris, especially among the elderly. Furthermore, in terms of heat-attributable mortality, 985, 787 and 623 fewer deaths were estimated, respectively, in the three cities. In Helsinki and Stockholm, there is a suggestion of increased heat effect. Noteworthy is that an effect of heat was still present in the recent years in all cities, ranging from +11% to +35%. In Europe, considering the warming observed in recent decades and population ageing, effective intervention measures should be promoted across countries, especially targeting vulnerable subgroups of the population with lower adaptive resources. View Full-Text
Keywords: heat; mortality; adaptation; attributable deaths; climate change; heat prevention plans heat; mortality; adaptation; attributable deaths; climate change; heat prevention plans
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MDPI and ACS Style

De’ Donato, F.K.; Leone, M.; Scortichini, M.; De Sario, M.; Katsouyanni, K.; Lanki, T.; Basagaña, X.; Ballester, F.; Åström, C.; Paldy, A.; Pascal, M.; Gasparrini, A.; Menne, B.; Michelozzi, P. Changes in the Effect of Heat on Mortality in the Last 20 Years in Nine European Cities. Results from the PHASE Project. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 15567-15583. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215006

AMA Style

De’ Donato FK, Leone M, Scortichini M, De Sario M, Katsouyanni K, Lanki T, Basagaña X, Ballester F, Åström C, Paldy A, Pascal M, Gasparrini A, Menne B, Michelozzi P. Changes in the Effect of Heat on Mortality in the Last 20 Years in Nine European Cities. Results from the PHASE Project. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(12):15567-15583. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215006

Chicago/Turabian Style

De’ Donato, Francesca K., Michela Leone, Matteo Scortichini, Manuela De Sario, Klea Katsouyanni, Timo Lanki, Xavier Basagaña, Ferran Ballester, Christofer Åström, Anna Paldy, Mathilde Pascal, Antonio Gasparrini, Bettina Menne, and Paola Michelozzi. 2015. "Changes in the Effect of Heat on Mortality in the Last 20 Years in Nine European Cities. Results from the PHASE Project" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 12: 15567-15583. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215006

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