Effect of Chlorine Exposure on the Survival and Antibiotic Gene Expression of Multidrug Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Water
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. A. baumannii Strains and Growth Conditions
2.2. A. baumannii Survival Assay
2.3. Antibiotic Resistance Gene Expression
2.3.1. RNA Isolation and cDNA Synthesis
2.3.2. Real-Time Quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)
Gene | Sequence (5’→3’) | Function |
---|---|---|
adeA (F) | TGACCGACCAATGCACCTT | Efflux pump |
(R) | GCAACAGTTCGAGCGCCTAT | |
adeB (F) | CCGATGACGTATCGAAGTTAGGA | Efflux pump |
(R) | CCGATGACGTATCGAAGTTAGGA | |
adeC (F) | ACGGCCCCAGAAGTCTAGTTC | Efflux pump |
(R) | CGATTAACCCCAATAACCCAGTT | |
adeM (F) | GGTACATGGAAGCCCAGTTCTT | Efflux pump |
(R) | CCACTTTCTCTTGCCATTGCT | |
blaP (F) | ACACTAGGAGAAGCCATGAAGCTT | Beta-lactam resistanceAntibiotics |
(R) | GCATGAGATCAAGACCGATACG | |
cmr (F) | CTATTTGAATTTGCGGTTTATATTGG | Chloramphenicol resistance |
(R) | TGCACTTACACCGAAATCTTCAG | |
ami (F) | TGATCCCGTAAATGAGTTGAATTG | Aminoglycoside resistance |
(R) | GCGGGCAAATGTGATGGTA | |
sul1 (F) | GGCATGACAATAGGGCAGTTG | Sulphonamide resistance |
(R) | CCAAAAAGTAGATGATAATACCGGTAAA | |
tetA (F) | CTGCGCGATCTGGTTCACT | Tetracycline resistance |
(R) | GCATACAGCGCCAGCAGAA | |
mdrp (F) | GTACGGCTTCTAGACCCACCATTTT | Multiple drug resistanceprotein |
(R) | ACAAAGAGCCGTGCACAGTTT | |
rRNA-16S(F) | TCGCTAGTAATCGCGGATCACGCTGGCGGC | Endogenous control |
rRNA-16S(R) | GACGGGCGGTGTGTACAAG |
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Chlorine on A. baumannii Survival
Free Chlorine (ppm) | A. baumannii Counts (mean ± SD **) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
30 seconds | 60 seconds | 90 seconds | 120 seconds | |
0 | 7.34 ± 0.24 | 7.38 ± 0.23 | 7.37 ± 0.26 | 7.35 ± 0.23 |
0.2 | 7.37 ± 0.15 | 7.39 ± 0.18 | 7.37 ± 0.18 | 7.39 ± 0.20 |
1 | 7.35 ± 0.18 | 7.34 ± 0.18 | 7.33 ± 0.20 | 7.34 ± 0.22 |
2 | 7.27 ± 0.51 | 7.27 ± 0.53 | 7.25 ± 0.50 | 7.20 ± 0.55 |
3 | 7.28 ± 0.48 | 7.29 ± 0.47 | 7.26 ± 0.46 | 7.24 ± 0.50 |
4 | 7.28 ± 0.46 | 7.29 ± 0.50 | 7.25 ± 0.47 | 7.24 ± 0.49 |
3.2. Effect of Chlorine on A. baumannii Antibiotic Resistance Genes
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Karumathil, D.P.; Yin, H.-B.; Kollanoor-Johny, A.; Venkitanarayanan, K. Effect of Chlorine Exposure on the Survival and Antibiotic Gene Expression of Multidrug Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Water. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 1844-1854. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110201844
Karumathil DP, Yin H-B, Kollanoor-Johny A, Venkitanarayanan K. Effect of Chlorine Exposure on the Survival and Antibiotic Gene Expression of Multidrug Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Water. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(2):1844-1854. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110201844
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarumathil, Deepti Prasad, Hsin-Bai Yin, Anup Kollanoor-Johny, and Kumar Venkitanarayanan. 2014. "Effect of Chlorine Exposure on the Survival and Antibiotic Gene Expression of Multidrug Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Water" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 2: 1844-1854. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110201844