Risk Factors Associated with the Choice to Drink Bottled Water and Tap Water in Rural Saskatchewan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Outcomes and Potential Risk Factors of Interest
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
Variable | Complete | Missing | Response | Frequency | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | n | n | % 1 | |||
Outcomes | ||||||
Primarily Drink Bottled water | 2,030 | 35 | Yes | 626 | 30.8 | |
No | 1,404 | 69.2 | ||||
Drink Tap Water Daily | 2,013 | 52 | Yes | 1,223 | 60.8 | |
No | 790 | 39.2 | ||||
Treat tap water in-home 2 | 2,003 | 62 | Yes | 953 | 47.6 | |
No | 1,050 | 52.4 | ||||
Risk Factors | ||||||
Private water supply | 2,059 | 6 | Yes | 1,249 | 60.7 | |
No | 810 | 39.3 | ||||
Community treated water supply | 2,059 | 6 | Yes | 640 | 31.1 | |
No | 1,419 | 68.9 | ||||
Ground water source | 1,857 | 208 | Yes | 1,349 | 72.6 | |
No | 508 | 27.4 | ||||
Surface water source | 1,856 | 209 | Yes | 613 | 33.0 | |
No | 1,243 | 67.0 | ||||
Any aesthetic complaint about tap water | 1,984 | 81 | Yes | 501 | 25.3 | |
No | 1,483 | 74.8 | ||||
Believe tap water not safe to drink | 1,984 | 81 | Yes | 235 | 11.8 | |
No | 1,749 | 88.2 | ||||
Fear of contamination of water supply | 1,988 | 77 | Yes | 706 | 35.5 | |
No | 1,282 | 64.5 | ||||
Anyone ever been ill from tap water | 1,784 | 281 | Yes | 57 | 3.2 | |
No | 1,727 | 96.8 | ||||
Ever had water advisory | 1,981 | 84 | Yes | 485 | 24.5 | |
No | 1,496 | 75.5 | ||||
Number of years in community | 2,046 | 19 | ≤10 years 3 | 403 | 19.7 | |
>10 years | 1,643 | 80.3 | ||||
Home is in a town | 2,047 | 18 | Yes | 525 | 25.7 | |
No | 1,522 | 74.4 | ||||
Gender | 2,005 | 60 | Female 3 | 1,053 | 52.5 | |
Male | 952 | 47.5 | ||||
Age | 2,050 | 15 | 18–44 years 3 | 317 | 15.5 | |
45–54 years | 446 | 21.8 | ||||
55–64 years | 614 | 30.0 | ||||
≥65 years | 673 | 32.8 | ||||
Children in the home | 1,932 | 133 | Yes | 437 | 22.6 | |
No | 1,495 | 77.4 |
Category | Survey Respondents 1 | 2011 Census of Population (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
n | (%) | ||
Female | 1,053 | 52.5 | 47.3 |
Male | 952 | 47.5 | 52.7 |
18–44 years | 317 | 15.5 | 35.7 |
45–54 years | 446 | 21.8 | 23.2 |
55–65 years | 614 | 30.0 | 21.7 |
≥65 years | 673 | 32.8 | 19.3 |
3.2. Choosing Primarily Bottled Water
Risk Factor | OR | 95% CI | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ever had water advisory | 1.7 | 1.3 | 2.4 | <0.001 | |||
Lived in area for > 10 years | Ref 1 | ||||||
Lived in area ≤; 10 years | 1.5 | 1.1 | 2.0 | 0.01 | |||
Believe water not safe × have any aesthetic complaint | <0.001 2 | ||||||
Believe tap water is not safe to drink, compared believing it is safe, for those who have any aesthetic complaint | 2.3 | 1.4 | 3.8 | 0.001 | |||
Believe tap water is not safe to drink, compared to believing it is safe, for those who have no aesthetic complaints | 8.5 | 5.2 | 13.9 | <0.001 | |||
Have any aesthetic complaint about tap water compared to not having a complaint, for those who believe their tap water is not safe | 1.7 | 0.9 | 3.2 | 0.13 | |||
Have any aesthetic complaint about tap water compared to not having a complaint, for those who believe their tap water is safe | 6.1 | 4.6 | 8.0 | <0.001 | |||
Use a community water supply × treat tap water | 0.03 2 | ||||||
Not using a community water supply compared to using a community supply, for those who treat the tap water | 2.5 | 1.5 | 4.0 | <0.001 | |||
Not using a community water supply compared to using a community supply, for those who do not treat their tap water | 1.3 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 0.10 | |||
Not treating tap water compared to treating tap water, for those who use a community water supply | 4.6 | 2.9 | 7.3 | <0.001 | |||
Not treating tap water compared to treating tap water, for those who do not use a community water supply | 2.5 | 1.9 | 3.3 | <0.001 | |||
Variances of Random Effects | Variance | SE | |||||
Postal code | 0.147 | 0.086 | |||||
Region | 0.010 | 0.030 | |||||
Number of observations = 1,844 |
3.3. Consuming Tap Water Daily
Risk Factor | OR | 95% CI | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ever had water advisory | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.004 | ||
Lived in area < 10 years | Ref. 1 | |||||
Lived in area > 10 years | 1.6 | 1.2 | 2.1 | 0.001 | ||
Believe tap water not safe × any aesthetic complaint | 0.001 2 | |||||
Believe tap water not safe to drink compared to believing it is safe, for those with any aesthetic complaint | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.001 | ||
Believe that tap water not safe to drink compared to believing it is safe, for those with no aesthetic complaints | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | <0.001 | ||
Have any aesthetic complaint compared to not having any aesthetic complaint, for those who believe the tap water is not safe | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.09 | ||
Have any aesthetic complaint compared to not having any aesthetic complaint, for those who believe the tap water is safe | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | <0.001 | ||
Have any aesthetic complaint × treat tap water | 0.006 2 | |||||
Have any aesthetic complaint compared to not having any aesthetic complaint, for those who treat their tap water | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | <0.001 | ||
Have any aesthetic complaint compared to not having any aesthetic complaint, for those who do not treat their tap water | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | <0.001 | ||
Treat tap water compared to not treating tap water, for those with any aesthetic complaint | 3.7 | 2.4 | 5.7 | <0.001 | ||
Treat tap water compared to not treating tap water, for those with no aesthetic complaints | 1.8 | 1.4 | 2.4 | <0.001 | ||
Variances of Random Effects | Variance | SE | ||||
Postal code | 0.106 | 0.064 | ||||
Region | 2.4 × 10−15 | 6.4 × 10−8 | ||||
Number of observations = 1,830 |
3.4. In-home Treatment of Tap Water
Risk Factor | OR | 95% CI | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Use a private water supply | 2.1 | 1.5 | 3.0 | <0.001 |
Believe tap water not safe | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.6 | <0.001 |
Children reside in home | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.9 | <0.001 |
Home is in a town | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 0.31 |
Use a community water supply | 1.3 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 0.25 |
Variances of Random Effects | Variance | SE | ||
Postal code | 0.067 | 0.044 | ||
Region | 0.038 | 0.035 | ||
Number of observations | 1,796 |
Outcome | n | Factors that Increase Likelihood of Outcome | Factors that Decrease Likelihood of Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Primarily choose bottled water | 1,711 | History of water advisory Believe tap water is not safe to drink—magnitude of effect greater for those that have no aesthetic complaints Have any aesthetic complaints about tap water, only for those who believe their tap water is safe | Lived in area longer than 10 years
Use a community water supply, only for those who treat tap water Treat the tap water, with the magnitude of effect larger for those who use a community water supply |
Consume tap water daily | 1,818 | Lived in area longer than 10 years
Treat tap water—magnitude of effect larger for those that also have aesthetic complaint about tap water | History of water advisory
Believe tap water not safe to drink—magnitude of effect greater for those with no aesthetic complaint Have any aesthetic complaint, only for those who belief the tap water is safe to drink Have any aesthetic complaint—magnitude greater if tap water not treated |
Treat tap water 1 | 1,796 | Use a private water supply Children reside in the home | Believe tap water not safe to drink |
4. Discussion
4.1. Consuming Primarily Bottled Water
4.2. Consuming Tap Water Daily
4.3. Treating Tap Water
4.4. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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McLeod, L.; Bharadwaj, L.; Waldner, C. Risk Factors Associated with the Choice to Drink Bottled Water and Tap Water in Rural Saskatchewan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 1626-1646. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110201626
McLeod L, Bharadwaj L, Waldner C. Risk Factors Associated with the Choice to Drink Bottled Water and Tap Water in Rural Saskatchewan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(2):1626-1646. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110201626
Chicago/Turabian StyleMcLeod, Lianne, Lalita Bharadwaj, and Cheryl Waldner. 2014. "Risk Factors Associated with the Choice to Drink Bottled Water and Tap Water in Rural Saskatchewan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 2: 1626-1646. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110201626