Evaluation of Mobility, Bioavailability and Toxicity of Pb and Cd in Contaminated Soil Using TCLP, BCR and Earthworms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Setup
2.1. Treatment of Soil Contaminated with Pb and Cd Using Phosphates and Vetiver Grass
Texture Composition of the Fine Soil (g·kg-1) | pH (Water) | Organic Carbon (g·kg-1) | Assimilable P (mg·kg-1) | Metal Concentration (mg·kg-1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sand | Silt | Clay | 8.0 | 11 | 1 | Pb | Cd |
223 | 324 | 453 | 3196 | 33 | |||
Sorptive complex (cmol+·kg-1) | CEC (cmol+·kg-1) | N (g·kg-1) | Detection Limit-DL (µg·L-1) | ||||
Ca2+ | Mg2+ | K+ | Na+ | 46 | 2.6 | Pb | Cd |
34 | 11 | 0.36 | 0.28 | 60 | 3 |
2.2. Soil and Plant Biomass Characterization
2.2.1. Physical and Chemical Characterization of Soil Samples
2.2.2. Metal Extraction from Plant Tissues Using Nitro-Peroxide Method
2.3. Mobility, Availability and Toxicity of Soil
2.3.1. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)
2.3.2. Calculation of the Soil-Plant Transfer Factor (TF) for Pb and Cd
2.3.3. Chemical Fractionation of Soil Samples According to the BCR Method
2.3.4. Toxicity Assays with the Bioindicator Eisenia andrei
2.3.5. Experimental Design and Statistical Analyses
2.3.6. Analytical Procedure for Metal Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Soil Characterization
3.2. Mobility, Availability and Toxicity of Soil Samples
3.2.1. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)
Mean (± SD) | ||
---|---|---|
Treatments | Pb | Cd |
T0—Control | 181 (±11.0) a | 9.8 (±7.3) a |
T1—KH2PO4 | 26 (±1.4) d | 6.4 (±4.4) b |
T2—NRP | 164 (±5.9) b | 9.4 (±2.9) a |
T3—KH2PO4 + NRP | 48 (±2.7) c | 6.9 (±2.9) b |
3.2.2. Pb and Cd Transfer Factor from Soil to Plant
Treatments | Pb and Cd Transfer Factor from Soil to Plant | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg·kg−1 (Dry Weight) | Transfer Factor (TF) | |||||||||||
Soil | Aerial | Root | TF (Total) | TF (Aerial) | TF (Root) | |||||||
Pb | Cd | Pb | Cd | Pb | Cd | Pb | Cd | Pb | Cd | Pb | Cd | |
T0 | 4233 | 44 | 10 | 1.8 | 158 | 15 | 0.040 | 0.386 | 0.002 | 0.345 | 0.037 | 0.041 |
T1 | 4001 | 44 | 8 | 1.8 | 60 | 14 | 0.017 | 0.359 | 0.002 | 0.320 | 0.015 | 0.039 |
T2 | 3943 | 46 | 17 | 2.8 | 224 | 33 | 0.061 | 0.790 | 0.004 | 0.071 | 0.057 | 0.719 |
T3 | 3838 | 41 | 14 | 2.7 | 156 | 23 | 0.044 | 0.613 | 0.004 | 0.060 | 0.041 | 0.554 |
3.2.3. Chemical Fractionation with Soil Samples According to the BCR Method
3.2.4. Toxicity Assay with the Bioindicator Eisenia andrei
Treatment | Lethality (%) | |
---|---|---|
7 Days | 14 Days | |
T0—Control | 7 | 7 |
T1—KH2PO4 | 7 | 7 |
T2—NRP | 2 | 2 |
T3—KH2PO4 + NRP | 2 | 2 |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kede, M.L.F.M.; Correia, F.V.; Conceição, P.F.; Junior, S.F.S.; Marques, M.; Moreira, J.C.; Pérez, D.V. Evaluation of Mobility, Bioavailability and Toxicity of Pb and Cd in Contaminated Soil Using TCLP, BCR and Earthworms. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 11528-11540. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111528
Kede MLFM, Correia FV, Conceição PF, Junior SFS, Marques M, Moreira JC, Pérez DV. Evaluation of Mobility, Bioavailability and Toxicity of Pb and Cd in Contaminated Soil Using TCLP, BCR and Earthworms. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(11):11528-11540. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111528
Chicago/Turabian StyleKede, Maria Luiza F. M., Fabio V. Correia, Paulo F. Conceição, Sidney F. Salles Junior, Marcia Marques, Josino C. Moreira, and Daniel V. Pérez. 2014. "Evaluation of Mobility, Bioavailability and Toxicity of Pb and Cd in Contaminated Soil Using TCLP, BCR and Earthworms" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 11: 11528-11540. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111528