Asellus aquaticus as a Potential Carrier of Escherichia coli and Other Coliform Bacteria into Drinking Water Distribution Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Locations
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Analyses
2.4. Increased Concentrations of Coliform Bacteria
2.5. Calculations
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. A. aquaticus and Associated Coliform Bacteria from Surface Waters
Pond 1 | Pond 2 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
January 2010 0 °C (ice cover) | October 2010 11 °C | September 2010 5 °C | October 2010 6 °C | |||||
E | T | E | T | E | T | E | T | |
Water phase (MPN·mL−1) | <0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 5 ± 1.9 | 2 ± 1.4 | 5 ± 1.9 | 0.1 ± 0.03 | 1 ± 0.05 |
Sediment phase (MPN·mL−1) | <1 | <1 | 14 ± 9.7 | >240 | 200 ± 6 | >240 | >86 | >170 |
Associated (MPN· A. aquaticus−1) | <1 | <1 | <1 | 6 ± 4 | 3 ± 2 | 5 ± 2 | 1 ± 1 | 2 ± 1.5 |
3.2. A. aquaticus Associated Coliform Bacteria after Incubation
E. coli | Total coliform bacteria | HPC (R2A, 20 °C) | |
---|---|---|---|
Total conc. in beaker (MPN·mL−1) | 0.4 | >170 | NA |
Water phase (MPN·mL−1) | <0.01 | 58 | NA |
Sediment phase (MPN·mL−1) | 4 | >1,200 | NA |
Associated (MPN or CFU· A. aquaticus−1) | <1 | 350 | 1.3 ± 0.09 × 105 |
Start sediment (MPN or CFU·mL−1) | <1 | <1 | 3.3 ± 0.14 × 104 |
3.3. Intrusion Scenarios
3.3.1. Scenario 1: Do A. aquaticus Contribute to the Transport of E. coli and Other Coliforms into Distribution Systems during Contaminations with Incoming Water and A. aquaticus Together?
3.3.2. Scenario 2: Does Intrusion of Single A. aquaticus Specimens without Inflow of Water Cause Exceedings of Drinking Water Guideline Values for E. coli and Total Coliforms?
- (1)
- All associated bacteria are not likely to be released from A. aquaticus instantly. Based on previous experiments we assume that they will be released over time, most likely days [12,21]. We have applied a variable, describing a uniform release over a time frame of one minute to seven days for total release of all coliform bacteria (Figure 1). However, due to dispersion, sedimentation and inactivation, not accounted for in this scenario, the approach is conservative and coliform concentrations are expected to be reduced further.
- (2)
- Pipe diameters of transmission and distribution pipes in most distribution systems vary by an order of magnitude (40–700 mm with an average of 150 mm in a large Danish distribution system). Pipes of 32–40 mm are typically connection pipes to private premises.
- (3)
- The flow rates in distribution systems vary according to the water demands and may even be stagnant e.g., during night. We have calculated the release of bacteria at two flow velocities (0.1 and 1 m·s−1).
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
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Christensen, S.C.B.; Arvin, E.; Nissen, E.; Albrechtsen, H.-J. Asellus aquaticus as a Potential Carrier of Escherichia coli and Other Coliform Bacteria into Drinking Water Distribution Systems. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 845-855. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10030845
Christensen SCB, Arvin E, Nissen E, Albrechtsen H-J. Asellus aquaticus as a Potential Carrier of Escherichia coli and Other Coliform Bacteria into Drinking Water Distribution Systems. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2013; 10(3):845-855. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10030845
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristensen, Sarah C. B., Erik Arvin, Erling Nissen, and Hans-Jørgen Albrechtsen. 2013. "Asellus aquaticus as a Potential Carrier of Escherichia coli and Other Coliform Bacteria into Drinking Water Distribution Systems" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 10, no. 3: 845-855. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10030845