Astaxanthin: A Potential Therapeutic Agent in Cardiovascular Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
3. Carotenoids
4. Astaxanthin
5. Astaxanthin Formulations
5.1. Astaxanthin of Marine Origin
5.2. Synthetic Astaxanthin
6. Astaxanthin-Experimental Studies
6.1. Cardiovascular Studies
6.2. Diabetes Studies
7. Astaxanthin Studies in Humans
7.1. Dosing
7.2. Bioavailability
7.3. Safety
7.4. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
8. Clinical Trial Using Astaxanthin
9. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
- Samples Availability: Available from the authors.
References
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Study | Model | Dosage | Duration/timing of supplementation | Effects of astaxanthin |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lauver et al. 2008 [34] | Dog with occlusive carotid artery thrombus | DDA 10, 30, or 50 mg/kg/body weight IV | 30 min after occlusion |
|
Aoi et al. 2003 [63] | C57BL/6 mice | Diet supplemented with astaxanthin 0.02% weight/weight and food intake recorded | 3 weeks |
|
Gross and Lockwood 2004 [35] | Myocardial infarct model Sprague-Dawley rats | DDA 25/50/75 mg/kg body weight intravenously daily | 4 days prior to myocardial infarction |
|
Hussein et al. 2005 [71] | Stroke prone Spontaneously hypertensive rats | Astaxanthin 50 mg/kg body weight/day | 5 weeks |
|
Lauver et al. 2005 [52] | Rabbit model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion | DDA 50 mg/kg body weight/day intravenously | 5 days |
|
Gross et al. 2005 [54] | Canine model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion | DDA 50 mg/kg body weight/day intravenously | 2 h or daily for four days |
|
Gross et al. 2006 [36] | Sprague-Dawley rats Left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion/reperfusion | DDA 125 or 500 mg/kg body weight/day orally | 7 days |
|
Hussein et al. 2006 [72] | Spontaneously hypertensive rats | Astaxanthin 5% in olive oil (5 mg/kg/day orally) | 7 days |
|
Aoi et al. 2008 [73] | ICR mice | Astaxanthin 0.02% w/w | 4 weeks |
|
Nakao et al. 2010 [74] | BALC/c mice | Astaxanthin 0, 0.02, 0.08% orally/day | 8 weeks |
|
Khan et al. 2010 [55] | C57BL/6 mice | CDX-085 500 mg/kg body weight/day | 14 days |
|
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells and platelets from Wistar-Kyoto rats |
Study | Study population (n = subject numbers) | Dosage | Study design | Duration of supplementation | Effects of astaxanthin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Iwamoto et al. 2000 [70] | Volunteers (n = 24) | Different doses: 1.8, 3.6, 14.4, 21.6 mg/day | Open labelled | 2 weeks |
|
Osterlie et al. 2000 [76] | Middle aged male volunteers (n = 3) | 100 mg | Open labelled | Single dose |
|
Mercke Odeberg et al. 2003 [77] | Healthy male volunteers (n = 32) | 40 mg | Open labelled parallel | Single dose |
|
Spiller et al. 2003 [78] | Healthy adults (n = 35) | 6 mg/day (3 × 2 mg tablets/day) | Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled | 8 weeks |
|
Coral-Hinostroza et al. 2005 [79] | Healthy adult males (n = 3) | 10 mg and 100 mg | Open labelled | Single dose or 4 weeks |
|
Karppi et al. 2007 [80] | Healthy non-smoking Finnish males (n = 40) | 8 mg/day | Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled | 12 weeks |
|
Parisi et al. 2008 [81] | Non-advanced age related macular degeneration (n = 27) | 4 mg/day | Randomised controlled trial open labelled no placebo | 12 months |
|
Miyawaki et al. 2008 [82] | Healthy males (n = 20) | 6 mg/day | Single blind, placebo controlled | 10 days |
|
Rufer et al. 2008 [83] | Healthy males (n = 28) | 5 μg/g salmon flesh (wild vs. aquacultured) | Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled | 4 weeks |
|
Park et al. 2010 [84] | Healthy females (n = 14) | 0, 2, 8 mg/day | Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled | 8 weeks |
|
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Fassett, R.G.; Coombes, J.S. Astaxanthin: A Potential Therapeutic Agent in Cardiovascular Disease. Mar. Drugs 2011, 9, 447-465. https://doi.org/10.3390/md9030447
Fassett RG, Coombes JS. Astaxanthin: A Potential Therapeutic Agent in Cardiovascular Disease. Marine Drugs. 2011; 9(3):447-465. https://doi.org/10.3390/md9030447
Chicago/Turabian StyleFassett, Robert G., and Jeff S. Coombes. 2011. "Astaxanthin: A Potential Therapeutic Agent in Cardiovascular Disease" Marine Drugs 9, no. 3: 447-465. https://doi.org/10.3390/md9030447