Chitins and Chitosans as Immunoadjuvants and Non-Allergenic Drug Carriers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Recognition, allergy and asthma
1.2. Chemistry of chitin associations in vivo and chitin isolates
2. The Beneficial Activity of Chitin as an Immunoadjuvant
3. Chitinases and Chitinase-Like Proteins in Mammals
4. Misleading Statements and Sources of Errors
5. Novel Views from Experimental Evidence
- A = Lack of interdisciplinary coordination is evident. Specifically, polysaccharide chemistry, bacteriology, chitin enzymology, and other disciplines were not adequately involved in these studies.
- B = A number of authors have re-directed their research at more finely documented targets, and have rectified in part their previous findings, or have attributed more importance to the diagnostic use of the data on chitinases.
- C = the chitinase 3-like-1 has been the object of a review article by Coffman who has correctly described the countless circumstances in which this protein is expressed (indirectly pointing at the scarce significance that occasional exposure to chitin might have on its upregulation) [87]. Moreover, the capacity of this protein to interact with many compounds is in favor of further complex investigations.
- D = some genetic aspects emerged in the most recent literature: Chatterjee et al. tested 16 allergens, some of which exempt from chitin, and carried out a genetic research on the polymorphism of the acidic mammalian chitinase gene, CHIA. They established, for the first time, a significant relationship of CHIA with atopic asthma and with total IgE levels in serum; they pointed out that ex novo research on this gene may clarify the reasons for asthma insurgence [88].
6. Current Research Trends
7. Trends in Major Biomedical Fields
Ocular delivery
Targeted delivery to tumors
Nasal delivery
Vaginal delivery
Oral administration
Delivery to the colon
Wound dressing
Gene therapy
8. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
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Acronyms
AAM | alternatively activated macrophage |
AMCase | acidic mammalian chitinase |
CBP | chitin binding protein |
CHI3L1 | chitinase 3-like-1 |
CLP | chitin-like protein |
Ig | immunoglobulin |
IL | interleukin |
INF | interferon |
LPS | lipopolysaccharide |
NAGase | N-acetylglucosaminidase |
PEG | poly(ethylene glicol) |
TGF | transforming growth factor |
Th | T helper |
TLR | toll-like receptor |
TNF | tumor necrosis factor |
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Muzzarelli, R.A.A. Chitins and Chitosans as Immunoadjuvants and Non-Allergenic Drug Carriers. Mar. Drugs 2010, 8, 292-312. https://doi.org/10.3390/md8020292
Muzzarelli RAA. Chitins and Chitosans as Immunoadjuvants and Non-Allergenic Drug Carriers. Marine Drugs. 2010; 8(2):292-312. https://doi.org/10.3390/md8020292
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuzzarelli, Riccardo A. A. 2010. "Chitins and Chitosans as Immunoadjuvants and Non-Allergenic Drug Carriers" Marine Drugs 8, no. 2: 292-312. https://doi.org/10.3390/md8020292