A Possible Mechanism of Action of the Chemopreventive Effects of Sarcotriol on Skin Tumor Development in CD-1 Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Conclusion
4. Experimental
4.1. General
4.1.1. Animals
4.1.2. Materials
4.2. Synthesis of ST
4.3. Two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis model induced by DMBA/TPA
- Group I, Control; 100 μl of acetone before DMBA and each TPA application.
- Group II, Promotion; 100 μl of acetone before DMBA and 100 μl of ST (30μg/100μl of acetone) topical application 1h before each TPA treatment throughout the duration of the experiment.
- Group III, Initiation; 100 μl of ST (30μg/100μl of acetone) 1 h before DMBA and 100 μl of acetone 1h before each TPA topical application.
4.4. Determination of DNA synthesis
4.5. Lysate preparation
4.6. Western Blot Analysis of Caspase 3, 8, 9 and COX-2
4.7. Statistical Analysis
Acknowledgements
References
- Cancer Facts & Figures-20062006; American Cancer Society Publication. http://www.cancer.org.
- Gupta, S.; Mukhtar, H. Chemoprevention of skin cancer: Current status and future prospects. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 2002, 21, 363–380. [Google Scholar]
- Parker, S. L.; Davis, K. J.; Wingo, P. A.; Ries, L. A.; Health, C. W., Jr. Cancer statistics by race and ethnicity. CA Cancer J Clin 1998, 48, 31–48. [Google Scholar]
- Zhao, J.; Wang, J.; Chen, Y.; Agarwal, R. Anti-tumor promoting activity of a polyphenolic fraction isolated from grape seeds in the mouse skin two-stage initiation-promotion protocol and identification of procyanidin B5-3′-gallate as the most effective antioxidant constituent. Carcinogenesis 1999, 20(9), 1737–1745. [Google Scholar]
- Singh, D. K.; Lippman, S. M. Cancer chemoprevention, Part 2: hormones, nonclassic antioxidant natural agents, NSAIDs and other agents. Oncology 1998, 12, 1787–1800. [Google Scholar]
- Singh, D. K.; Lippman, S. M. Cancer chemoprevention, Part 1: retinoids and carotenoids and other classic antioxidants. Oncology 1998, 12, 1643–1659. [Google Scholar]
- Theisen, C. Chemoprevention: What’s in a name. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (Bethesda) 2001, 93, 743. [Google Scholar]
- Wattenberg, L. W. Chemoprevention of cancer by naturally occurring and synthetic compounds. Watterberg, L., Lipkin, M., Boone, C., Kelloff, G., Eds.; In Cancer Prevention; 1992; pp. 19–39. Boca Raton, FL; CRC Press. [Google Scholar]
- Agarwal, R.; Mukhtar, H. Cutaneous chemical carcinogens. Mukhtar, H., Ed.; In Pharmacology of the skin; 1991; pp. 371–387. Boca Raton, FL; CRC Press. [Google Scholar]
- Smart, R. C.; Huang, M.; Conney, A H. sn-1, 2-Diacylglycerols mimic the effects of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol- 13-acetate in vivo by inducing biochemical changes associated with tumor promotion in mouse epidermis. Carcinogenesis 1986, 7(11), 1865–1870. [Google Scholar]
- Arif, J. M.; Al-Hazzani, A. A.; Kunhi, M.; Al-Khodairy, F. Novel marine compounds: Anticancer or genotoxic? J. Biomedicine & Biotechnology 2004, 2, 93–98. [Google Scholar]
- Fujiki, H.; Suganuma, M.; Takagi, K.; Nishiwaki, S.; Yoshizawa, S.; Okabe, S.; Yatsunami, J.; Frenkel, K.; Troll, W.; Marshal, J. A.; Tius, M. A. Sarcophytol A and its analogs. Cancer Preventive activity in phenolic compounds in food and their effect on health II. In Antioxidants & cancer prevention; Huang, M-T, Ho, C-T, Lee, C.Y., Eds.; ACS Symp. Series 507; American Chemical Society: Washington DC, 1992; pp. 380–387. [Google Scholar]
- Ne’eman, I.; Fishelson, L.; Kashman, Y. Sarcophine- a new toxin from the soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum (Alcyonaria). Toxicon 1974, 12, 593–598. [Google Scholar]
- Fahmy, H.; Khalifa, S. I.; Konoshima, T.; Zjawiony, J. K. An improved synthesis of 7,9-epoxy-1,3,11-cembratriene-15R(α), 16-diol, a cembranoid of marine origin with apotent cancer chemopreventive activity. Marine Drugs 2004, 2, 1–7. [Google Scholar]
- Katsuyama, I.; Fahmy, H.; Zjawiony, J. K.; Khalifa, S. I.; Kilada, R. W.; Konoshima, T.; Takasaki, M.; Tokuda, H. Semisynthesis of new sarcophine derivatives with chemopreventive activity. J. Nat. Prod 2002, 65, 1809–1814. [Google Scholar]
- Zjawiony, J. K.; Fahmy, H.; Katsuyama, I.; Khalifa, S.; Konoshima, T. Cembranoids of Chemopreventive Activity. PCT Int. Appl WO 2003095404, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Fahmy, H.; Zjawiony, J. K.; Khalifa, S.; Fronczek, F. R. A Semi-synthetic Analog of The Cembranoid Sarcophine. Acta Cryst 2003, C59, 85–87. [Google Scholar]
- Fahmy, H.; Zjawiony, J.; Konoshima, K.; Tokuda, H.; Khan, S.; Khalifa, S. Potent Skin Cancer Chemopreventive Activity of Some Novel Semi-synthetic Cembranoids from Marine Sources. Marine Drugs 2006, 4, 28–36. [Google Scholar]
- Kaur, M.; Agarwal, C.; Singh, R. P.; Guan, X.; Dwivedi, C.; Agarwal, R. Skin cancer chemopreventive agent, α – santalol, induces apoptotic death of human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells via caspase activation together with dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome crelease. Carcinogenesis 2005, 26(2), 369–380. [Google Scholar]
- Sun, S. Y.; Hail, N., Jr.; Lotan, R. Apoptosis as a novel target for cancer chemoprevention. J. Natl. Cancer Inst 2004, 96, 662–672. [Google Scholar]
- Kasibhatla, S.; Tseng, B. Why target apoptosis in cancer treatment? Mol. Cancer Ther 2003, 2, 573–580. [Google Scholar]
- Ghobrial, I. M.; Witzig, T. E.; Adjei, A. A. Targeting apoptosis pathways in cancer therapy. CA Cancer J. Clin 2005, 55, 178–194. [Google Scholar]
- Riss, T. L. Apoptosis as a biomarker in chemoprevention trials. Urology 2001, 57, 141–142. [Google Scholar]
- Wattenberg, L. W. Chemoprevention of cancer. Cancer Res 1985, 45, 1–8. [Google Scholar]
- Nicholson, D.W.; Thornberry, N. A. Caspase: Killer proteases. Trends Biochem. Sci 1997, 22, 299–306. [Google Scholar]
- Li, P.; Nijhawan, D.; Budihardjo, L.; Srinivasula, S. M.; Ahmad, M.; Alnemri, E. S.; Wang, X. Cytochrome c and dATP-dependent formation of Apaf-1/caspase-9 complex initiates an apoptotic protease cascade. Cell 91, 479–489.
- Rao, C. V.; Rivenson, A.; Simi, B.; Zang, E.; Kelloff, G.; Steele, V.; Reddy, B. S. Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by sulindac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent. Cancer Res 55, 1464–1472.
- Marnett, L. J. Aspirin and the potential role of prostaglandins in colon cancer. Cancer Res 1992, 52, 5575–89. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, X.; Rose, D. P. Differential expression and regulation of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in human breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 1996, 56, 5125–5127. [Google Scholar]
- Rolland, P. H.; Martin, P. M.; Jacquemier, J.; Rolland, A. M.; Toga, M. Prostaglandin in human breast cancer: evidence suggesting that elevated prostaglandin production is a marker of high metastatic potential for neoplastic cells. J. Natl. Cancer Inst 1980, 64, 1061–1070. [Google Scholar]
- Fulton, A. M.; Heppner, G. H. Relationship of prostaglandin E and natural killer sensitivity to metastatic potential in murine mammary adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 1985, 45, 4779–4784. [Google Scholar]
- Buckman, S.H.; Gresham, A.; Hale, P.; Hruza, G.; Anast, J.; Masferrer, J.; Pentland, A.P. COX-2 expression is induced by UVB exposure in human skin: Implications for the development of skin cancer. Carcinogenesis 1998, 19(5), 723–729. [Google Scholar]
- Higashi, T. K.; Kanzaki, T. Enhanced expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in human skin epidermal cancer cells: Evidence for growth suppression by inhibiting COX-2 expression. Int. J. Cancer 2000, 86(5), 667–71. [Google Scholar]
- Bennett, A. The production of prostanoids in human cancers, and their implications for tumor progression. Prog. Lipid Res 1986, 25, 539–542. [Google Scholar]
- Dwivedi, C.; Guan, X.; Harmsen, W. L.; Voss, A. L.; Goetz-Parten, D. E.; Koopman, E. M.; Johnson, K. M.; Valluri, H. B.; Matthees, D. P. Chemopreventive effects of α – santalol on skin tumor development in CD-1 and SENCAR mice. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2003, 12, 152–156. [Google Scholar]
- Burton, K. A study of the conditions and mechanism of the diphenylamine reaction for the colorimetric estimates of DNA. Biochemistry 1956, 62, 315–323. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, M.T.; Smart, R. C.; Wang, C. Q.; Conney, A. H. Inhibitory effect of curcumin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and ferulic acid on tumor promotion in mouse skin by 12-0 tetra decanoyl phorbol-13 acetate. Cancer Res 1988, 48, 5941–5946. [Google Scholar]
- Smart, R.C.; Huang, M.; Conney, A. H. 1,2-Diacylglycerides mimic the effects of TPA in vivo by inducing biochemical changes associated with tumor promotion in mouse epidermis. Carcinogenesis 1986, 7, 1865–1870. [Google Scholar]
- Samples Availability: Available from the authors.
© 2006 by MDPI Reproduction is permitted for noncommercial purposes.
Share and Cite
Kundoor, V.; Zhang, X.; Khalifa, S.; Fahmy, H.; Dwivedi, C. A Possible Mechanism of Action of the Chemopreventive Effects of Sarcotriol on Skin Tumor Development in CD-1 Mice. Mar. Drugs 2006, 4, 274-285. https://doi.org/10.3390/md404274
Kundoor V, Zhang X, Khalifa S, Fahmy H, Dwivedi C. A Possible Mechanism of Action of the Chemopreventive Effects of Sarcotriol on Skin Tumor Development in CD-1 Mice. Marine Drugs. 2006; 4(4):274-285. https://doi.org/10.3390/md404274
Chicago/Turabian StyleKundoor, Vipra, Xiaoying Zhang, Sherief Khalifa, Hesham Fahmy, and Chandradhar Dwivedi. 2006. "A Possible Mechanism of Action of the Chemopreventive Effects of Sarcotriol on Skin Tumor Development in CD-1 Mice" Marine Drugs 4, no. 4: 274-285. https://doi.org/10.3390/md404274