Extraction, Modification and Biomedical Application of Agarose Hydrogels: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Extraction and Modification of Agarose
2.1. Agarose Extraction
2.1.1. Agaropectin Precipitation Method
2.1.2. Agarose Precipitation Method
2.1.3. Ion Exchange Method
2.1.4. Ionic Liquid Method
Method | Reagents | Seaweed Type | Highlights | Cite |
---|---|---|---|---|
Agaropectin precipitation | DMSO | Gelidium amansii | 1 wt% concentration gel strength was 1190 g/cm2; sulfate content was 0.28 wt% | Jeon et al. [23] |
Quaternary ammonium compounds | Gracilaria cylindrica | 1 wt% concentration gel strength was 935 g/cm2; sulfate content was 0.17 wt% | Santos et al. [24] | |
Gelidium amansii | 1 wt% concentration gel strength was 742 g/cm2; sulfate content was 0.63 wt% | Chew et al. [22] | ||
Ion exchange | DEAE-Sephadex A-50 | Purified agar solution | sulfate content was 0.05 wt%; pyruvic acid content was below 0.01 wt% | Duckworth et al. [25] |
DEAE-Cellulose suspension | Ahnfeltia plicata | 1 wt% concentration gel strength was 1417 g/cm2; sulfate content was 0.15 wt% | Zhang et al. [28] | |
Ionic liquid | Choline-based bio-ionic liquids | Gracilaria dura | 1 wt% concentration gel strength was 1250 g/cm2; sulfate content was 0.21 wt% | Sharma et al. [30] |
1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, choline acetate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethyl phosphate | Gracilaria dura | 1 wt% concentration gel strength was 600 g/cm2; sulfate content was 1.95 wt%; yield was 39 wt% | Trivedi et al. [29] | |
Heat-compatible; strong-anion exchange; isopropanol | Gracilaria amansii | 1 wt% concentration gel strength was 853 g/cm2; sulfate content was 0.14 wt% | Wang et al. [31] |
2.1.5. Agarose Extraction by a Complex Method
2.2. Modification of Agarose
Method | Type | Application | Modification Reagents | Results | Cite |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biomodification | Enzymatic modification | Edible packaging film | Galactose oxidase GAO-5F | Agarose is oxidized to polyaldehydes and can be cross-linked with gelatine for application in food packaging films. | Cao et al. [46] |
Enzymatic modification | GH50 Agarosease Aga3420 | Efficient production of high purity neoagarobiose (NA2) in a low temperature environment. | Zhang et al. [47] | ||
Physical modification | Electronic irradiation | Material properties of agarose hydrogels can be adjusted at a low doses of high energy electron irradiation. | Krömmelbein et al. [41] | ||
Ultrasound | Drug delivery | 1-MHz Ultrasound | High frequency ultrasound sonication enhances the internal diffusivity of agarose gels and aid drug delivery. | Tsukamoto et al. [48] | |
Compounding | Mucin | Crosslinking between mucin and agarose results in increased swelling, adhesion, hygroscopicity, and thermal properties. | Builders et al. [49] | ||
Compounding | Drug delivery | Chitosan/γ-alumina | Hydrogel nanocomposites are efficient drug delivery systems for the chemotherapeutic agent 5-FU and simultaneously reduce its adverse effects. | Bayat et al. [50] | |
Compounding | Drug delivery | Fe3O4/CS | Ability to release curcumin in response to pH | Pourmadadi et al. [51] | |
Chemical modification | Esterification | Octenylsuccinic anhydride | Reduced gel strength, lower melting temperature and increased transparency | Xiao et al. [43] | |
Esterification | Emulsifiers | Fatty acid derivatives | Improved emulsification properties | Xiao et al. [44] | |
Sensor | Nucleobase guanine | Good fluorescent activity | Oza et al. [45] | ||
Esterification | Drug delivery | Carbonyl diimidazole | Adsorbs more hydrophobic dyes and controls the release of hydrophobic dyes | Evans et al. [52] | |
Esterification | Microcapsules | Dodecenylsuccinic anhydride | Prepared agarose microcapsules were used for the encapsulation of DHA and showed good oxidative stability and release properties. | Xiao et al. [53] | |
Conjugated | Immunoaffinity chromatography columns | Avermectin polyclonal antibodies | Enables the rapid and sensitive simultaneous determination of avermectin, ivermectin, doramectin, and eprinomectin residues in the bovine liver and muscle in combination with LC-MA-MA | Hou et al. [54] | |
Coupling | Hydrophobic interaction chromatography support | Phenyl ligand | Microspheres can be used to isolate lysozyme and bovine serum proteins and can tolerate higher flow rates. | Gustavsson et al. [55] |
3. Biomedical Applications of Agarose and Its Derivatives
3.1. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
3.2. Agarose Separation Medium
3.2.1. Affinity Chromatography
3.2.2. Size Exclusion Chromatography
3.2.3. Ion Exchange Chromatography
3.2.4. Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography
3.3. Agarose Coating
3.4. Drug Delivery
3.5. Tissue Engineering
3.5.1. Agarose Hydrogel
3.5.2. 3D/4D Printed Brackets
4. Materials and Methods
5. Conclusions
6. Prospects and Challenges
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Jiang, F.; Xu, X.-W.; Chen, F.-Q.; Weng, H.-F.; Chen, J.; Ru, Y.; Xiao, Q.; Xiao, A.-F. Extraction, Modification and Biomedical Application of Agarose Hydrogels: A Review. Mar. Drugs 2023, 21, 299. https://doi.org/10.3390/md21050299
Jiang F, Xu X-W, Chen F-Q, Weng H-F, Chen J, Ru Y, Xiao Q, Xiao A-F. Extraction, Modification and Biomedical Application of Agarose Hydrogels: A Review. Marine Drugs. 2023; 21(5):299. https://doi.org/10.3390/md21050299
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Feng, Xin-Wei Xu, Fu-Quan Chen, Hui-Fen Weng, Jun Chen, Yi Ru, Qiong Xiao, and An-Feng Xiao. 2023. "Extraction, Modification and Biomedical Application of Agarose Hydrogels: A Review" Marine Drugs 21, no. 5: 299. https://doi.org/10.3390/md21050299
APA StyleJiang, F., Xu, X. -W., Chen, F. -Q., Weng, H. -F., Chen, J., Ru, Y., Xiao, Q., & Xiao, A. -F. (2023). Extraction, Modification and Biomedical Application of Agarose Hydrogels: A Review. Marine Drugs, 21(5), 299. https://doi.org/10.3390/md21050299