Quinoid Pigments of Sea Urchins Scaphechinus mirabilis and Strongylocentrotus intermedius: Biological Activity and Potential Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Sea Urchins—S. mirabilis and S. intermedius
2.1.1. Flat Sea Urchin—S. mirabilis
2.1.2. Gray Sea Urchin—S. intermedius
2.2. Naphthoquinoid Pigments of Sea Urchins
Naphthoquinone Pigments | Family Species | |
---|---|---|
Strongylocentrotus intermedius | Scaphechinus mirabilis | |
Content of Main Spinochromes, % of Pigment Sum | ||
Echinochrome A | - | 89.1 ± 8.7 |
Spinochrome A | 3.3 ± 0.3 | - |
Spinochrome B | 4.0 ± 1.3 | - |
Spinochrome C | 9.2 ± 1.5 | - |
Spinochrome D | 16.5 ± 5.7 | 1.8 ± 0.9 |
Spinochrome E | 3.1 ± 1.6 | - |
2.3. The Main Ways of Biosynthesis of Quinoid Pigment Compounds
2.3.1. Polyketide Pathway of Quinone Biosynthesis
2.3.2. The Shikimate Pathway of Quinone Biosynthesis
2.3.3. The Mevalonate Pathway of Quinone Biosynthesis
2.3.4. The Pathways of 1,4–Naphthoquinone Biosynthesis
2.4. Biological Activity of Naphthoquinoid Pigments of Sea Urchins
2.4.1. Anti-Oxidant Activity of Naphthoquinones
2.4.2. Anti-Bacterial Activity of Naphthoquinones
2.4.3. Anti-Viral Activity of Naphthoquinones
2.4.4. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Naphthoquinones
2.4.5. Anti-Allergic Activity of Naphthoquinones
2.4.6. Cytotoxic Activity of Naphthoquinones
2.4.7. Study of Pharmacokinetic Properties of Naphthoquinones
2.4.8. The Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, Disorders of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism during Aging, Ophthalmological Substances
2.4.9. Naphthoquinones Are Analogues of Medicines
2.4.10. Using in Agriculture
2.4.11. Biotechnological Using
2.5. Food Supplements Based on Sea Urchins
2.5.1. Food Supplements Based on Freeze-Dried Sea Urchin Caviar
2.5.2. The Use of Food Supplements Based on Sea Urchin Caviar in the Treatment of Women during Menopause
3. Materials and Methods
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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№ | Name of Naphthoquinone Pigment | Structural Formula |
---|---|---|
1 | Echinochrome A | |
2 | Spinochrome A | |
3 | Spinochrome B | |
4 | Spinochrome C | |
5 | Spinochrome D | |
6 | Spinochrome E |
Naphthoquinone Pigments | Cell Culture Medium | ||
---|---|---|---|
SW | CFn | CFreg | |
Fresh Biomass of Cells (mg/g) | |||
Strongylocentrotus intermedius | |||
Spinochrome E | 0.024 ± 0.004 | 0.013 ± 0.002 | 0.015 ± 0.002 |
Spinochrome D | 0.052 ± 0.006 | 0.044 ± 0.005 | 0.062 ± 0.007 |
Scaphechinus mirabilis | |||
Spinochrome E | 0.021 ± 0.003 | 0.062 ± 0.007 | 0.054 ± 0.006 |
Echinochrome A | 0.250 ± 0.026 | 0.640± 0.061 | 0.540 ± 0.055 |
№ | Naphthoquinone Pigments of Sea Urchin | Naphthoquinone Pigments of Terrestrial Plants |
---|---|---|
1 | Echinochrome A | Lawsone |
2 | Spinochrome A (Spinochrome B3; Spinochrome M; Spinochrome M1; Spinochrome Aka2; Spinochrome P) | Lapachol |
3 | Spinochrome B (Spinochrome B1; Spinochrome M2;Spinochrome N; Spinochrome P1) | Alizarin |
4 | Spinochrome C (Spinochrome B2; Spinochrome F; Spinochrome F1; Spinochrome M3; Spinone A; Isoechinochrome) | Shikonins |
5 | Spinochrome D (Spinochrome Aka; Spinochrome Aka1) | Alkannins |
6 | Spinochrome E | Chimaphilins |
7 | Spinochrome G | Plumbagin |
8 | Spinochrome S | 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone |
9 | 2-Hydroxy-3-acetylnaphthazarin | Droserone |
10 | 2,3,7-trihydroxy-6-ethyljuglone | Juglone |
11 | 2-hydroxy-6-ethyljuglone | 7-Methyljuglone |
12 | Naphthopurpurin | Anthrasesamones |
13 | 6-Ethyl-2-hydroxynaphthazarin | |
14 | 6-Acetyl-2,7-dihydroxyjuglone | |
15 | 6-Acetyl-2-hydroxynaphthazarin | |
16 | Mompain | |
17 | Ethylmompain | |
18 | 6-Ethyl-3,7-dihydroxy-2-methoxynaphthazarin | |
19 | 6-Ethyl-2,7-dihydroxy-3-methoxynaphthazarin | |
20 | 3-Acetyl-2,7-dihydroxy-6-methylnaphthazarin | |
21 | Echinamine A | |
22 | Echinamine B | |
23 | Aminopentahydroxynaphthoquinone | |
24 | Spinamine E | |
25 | Spinazarin | |
26 | Ethylspinazarin | |
27 | Tetrahydroxydimethoxynaphthoquinone | |
28 | Namakochrome | |
29 | Ethylidene-6,6′-bis(2,3,7-trihydroxynaphthazarin) | |
30 | Ethylidene-3,3′-bis(2,6,7-trihydroxynaphthazarin). | |
31 | Anhydroethylidene-6,6′,-bis(2,3,7-trihydroxynaphthazarin) | |
32 | Anhydroethylidene-3,3′-bis(2,6,7-trihydroxynaphthazarin) | |
33 | Mirabiquinone A | |
34 | Pyranonaphthazarin | |
35 | Acetylaminotrihydroxynaphthoquinone | |
36 | Spinochrome dimer | |
37 | Spinochrome B sulfate derivative | |
38 | Spinochrome E sulfate derivative | |
39 | Spinochrome A—Iso 2 | |
40 | Spinochrome D—Iso 1 | |
41 | Spinochrome D—Iso 3 |
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Ageenko, N.V.; Kiselev, K.V.; Odintsova, N.A. Quinoid Pigments of Sea Urchins Scaphechinus mirabilis and Strongylocentrotus intermedius: Biological Activity and Potential Applications. Mar. Drugs 2022, 20, 611. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20100611
Ageenko NV, Kiselev KV, Odintsova NA. Quinoid Pigments of Sea Urchins Scaphechinus mirabilis and Strongylocentrotus intermedius: Biological Activity and Potential Applications. Marine Drugs. 2022; 20(10):611. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20100611
Chicago/Turabian StyleAgeenko, Natalya V., Konstantin V. Kiselev, and Nelly A. Odintsova. 2022. "Quinoid Pigments of Sea Urchins Scaphechinus mirabilis and Strongylocentrotus intermedius: Biological Activity and Potential Applications" Marine Drugs 20, no. 10: 611. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20100611