Antiviral Potential of Algal Metabolites—A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Bibliometric Analysis
2.1. Progression Overtime
2.2. Main Trends: Organisms/Molecules/Diseases
2.3. Aquaculture and Agriculture
3. Polysaccharides
3.1. Fucoidans
3.2. Carrageenans
3.3. Ulvans
3.4. Spirulan
4. Lectins
4.1. Griffithsin
4.2. Cyanovirin-n
4.3. Scytovirin
4.4. Microvirin
5. Diterpenes
6. Clinical Trials
7. Patent Analysis
8. Materials and Methods
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | Organism | Viruses | Model | Activity |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fucoidan | Undaria pinnatifida | Avian influenza A virus | Mice | Decreased viral replication, while augmenting the production of antibodies [39] |
Avian influenza A virus | Mice | Reduced viral replication, weight loss and mortality. Increased life span. Induced no viral resistance [40] | ||
Influenza A (H1N1) virus | Mice | Improved clinical signs of ill-health and reduced gross lung pathology [42] | ||
Kjelmaniella crassifolia | Influenza A virus | Mice | Intranasal administration markedly improved survival and decreased viral titers. Induced no viral resistance [36] | |
Fucus evanescens | Herpes simplex virus-2 | Mice | Intraperitoneal administration protected reduced lethal infection by 50% [28] | |
Griffithsin | Griffithsia sp. (Rhodophyta) | SARS-CoV (Coronaviridae) | Mice | High viral dose—100% survival compared to 30% in control group [43] |
Japanese encephalitis virus (Flaviviridae) | Mice | Lethal viral dose—100% survival compared to 0% in control group [44] | ||
Hepatitis C virus | Mice | Viral load below detection in infected mice [45] | ||
Herpes simplex virus-2 | Mice | Significantly protected mice from vaginal infection (0/5 treated vs 3/5 control) [46] | ||
Herpes simplex virus-2/Human papilloma virus | Mice | Significantly protected mice from HSV-2 vaginal infection and HPV-16 [47] | ||
Cyanovirin-n | Nostoc ellipsosporum (Cyanobacteria) | HIV-1 | Macaques | Treated with topical gel were resistant to a chimera of HIV viruses [48,49] |
HIV-1 | Macaques | 63% reduction of HIV transmission when dosed vaginally with a Lactobacillus expressing CV-N [50] | ||
Scytovirin | Scytonema varium (Cyanobacteria) | Ebola virus | Mice | Prevented the death of most infected mice [51] |
Diterpene | Canistrocarpus cervicornis (Dictyotales) | Herpes simplex virus | Mice | Significantly less lesions when treated with a 2% diterpene ointment [52] |
Compound | Organism | Intervention | Condition | Main Sponsor | Date | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Griffithsin | Griffithsia sp. (Rhodophyta) | Q-Griffithsin (Q-GRFT) enema | HIV Prevention | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (USA) | 2021 | On-going [163] |
Griffithsin Gel | HIV Infection | Population Council | 2018 | Griffithsin and carrageenan in a gel formulation are safe for vaginal use for up to 14 days with potent anti-HIV activity in cell-based assays and cervical explants [162] | ||
Carrageenan | Red seaweed (Rhodophyta) | Carraguard (PC-515) | HIV Prevention | Population Council | 2007 | This study did not show Carraguard’s efficacy in prevention of vaginal transmission of HIV [164] |
2004 | Daily Carraguard vaginal gel use was highly acceptable in this population of HIV-infected women [165]. | |||||
2003 | Vaginal use of the gel did not cause significant adverse effects in a small number of low-risk, sexually abstinent women [166] | |||||
2002 | Carraguard was not associated with more vaginal, cervical or external genital irritation than placebo and it was acceptable when used approximately 3.5 times per week, including during sex [167] | |||||
2002 | Men and women found the gel acceptable and thought that it should be made available if it is found to be safe and effective [168] | |||||
1997 | Use of 5 mL of a 2% gel formulation of n-carrageenan was not associated with significant irritation of the vaginal epithelium when administered once daily in the absence of sexual intercourse [169] | |||||
HIV & HsV infections | Population Council | 2001 | Carraguard can safely be used an average of four times per week with or without sex and is acceptable to women [170] | |||
Coldamaris (with Carragelose) | Symptoms of common cold | Marinomed Biotechnologie GmbH (Austria) | 2015 | Direct local administration of carrageenan with nasal sprays reduced the duration of cold symptoms. A significant reduction of viral load in the nasal wash fluids of patients confirmed similar findings from earlier trials in children and adults [171] | ||
St. Anna Children’s Hospital (Austria) | 2011 | Administration of carrageenan nasal spray in children as well as in adults increased viral clearance and reduced relapses of symptoms [172] | ||||
Carrashield | Human papillomavirus infection | Canadian Institute of Health Research (Canada) | 2009 | Trial’s interim analysis suggests that using a carrageenan-based lubricant gel can reduce the risk of genital HPV infections in women [158] | ||
Carvir | Human papillomavirus infection | University of Palermo (Italy) | 2019 | Carvir vulvovaginal microbicide gel is safe and well-tolerated [159] | ||
Carrageenan-based gel | Human Papillomavirus Infection | McGill University (Canada) | 2020 | On-going [160] | ||
Spirulan | Arthrospira platensis (cyanobacteria) | Spirulan containing cream | HsV-1 infection | Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (Germany) | 2016 | Prophylactic effect against Herpes labialis was superior to that of acyclovir cream [85] |
Algal Extract | Undaria and Arthrospira | Extract | HIV Infection | University of South Carolina (USA) | 2008 | Undaria, Arthrospira and a combination of both were non-toxic and over time may improve clinical endpoints of HIV/AIDS [173] |
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Pagarete, A.; Ramos, A.S.; Puntervoll, P.; Allen, M.J.; Verdelho, V. Antiviral Potential of Algal Metabolites—A Comprehensive Review. Mar. Drugs 2021, 19, 94. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19020094
Pagarete A, Ramos AS, Puntervoll P, Allen MJ, Verdelho V. Antiviral Potential of Algal Metabolites—A Comprehensive Review. Marine Drugs. 2021; 19(2):94. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19020094
Chicago/Turabian StylePagarete, António, Ana Sofia Ramos, Pål Puntervoll, Michael J. Allen, and Vítor Verdelho. 2021. "Antiviral Potential of Algal Metabolites—A Comprehensive Review" Marine Drugs 19, no. 2: 94. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19020094