Astaxanthin and other Nutrients from Haematococcus pluvialis—Multifunctional Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Cell Morphology of Haematococcus Pluvialis
3. Cultivation of Haematococcus Pluvialis
4. Biochemical Composition of Haematococcus Pluvialis
4.1. Proteins and Carbohydrates
4.2. Lipids
4.3. Carotenoids
5. Astaxanthin as a Valuable Biologically Active Compound
5.1. Astaxanthin Accumulation
5.2. Astaxanthin Recovery
6. Biological Properties of Astaxanthin
6.1. Anti-Lipid Peroxidation Properties
6.2. Anti-Inflammatory Effects
6.3. Anti–Diabetic Activity
6.4. Anticancer Activity
6.5. Other Potential Applications of Astaxanthin
7. Astaxanthin in the Human and Animal Diet
7.1. Human Diet
7.2. Animal Feed
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fatty Acids | Kim et al., 2015 [19] | Lorenz, 1999 [39] | Scodelaro Bilbao et al., 2016 [40] | Lei et al. 2012 [41] |
---|---|---|---|---|
C12:0 lauric | N/A | 0.1 | N/A | 0.28 |
C14:0 myristic | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1.99 | 0.65 |
C15:0 pentadecanoic acid | 0.1 | N/A | N/A | 0.25 |
C16:0 palmitic | 13.7 | 29 | 22.9 | 12.7 |
C16:1 palmitoleic | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.35 | 0.7 |
C16:2 | 0.4 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
C16:3 | 3.5 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
C16:4 | 3.3 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
C17:0 margaric | N/A | 0.2 | N/A | 0.23 |
C17:1 margaroleic | N/A | 1.3 | N/A | 0.0 |
C18:0 stearic | 0.7 | 2.1 | 1.15 | 4.79 |
C18:1 oleic | 4.9 | 25.9 | 16.3 | 11.2 |
C18:2 linoleic | 24.9 | 20.8 | 23.9 | 13.0 |
C18:3 linolenic | 39.7 | 12.8 | 12.5 | 2.84 |
C18:4 octadecatetraenoic | 5.8 | 1.4 | N/A | N/A |
C20:0 arachidic | N/A | 0.6 | N/A | 0.35 |
C20:1 gadoleic | 0.5 | 0.3 | N/A | 1.3 |
C20:2 eicosadenoic | N/A | 1.2 | 2.21 | 0.87 |
C20:3 eicosatrienoic gamma | N/A | 0.5 | N/A | 0.18 |
C20:4 arachidonic | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.92 | 1.77 |
C20:5 eicosapentaenoic | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.66 | 0.99 |
C22:0 behenic | N/A | 0.4 | N/A | 0.16 |
C24:0 lignoceric | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.33 | 0.4 |
C24:1 nervonic acid | 0.1 | 0.1 | N/A | 0.14 |
Σ SFAs | 15 | 33.2 | 25.3 | 19.8 |
Σ ΜUFAs | 6 | 28.1 | 16.6 | 12.97 |
Σ PUFAs | 79.1 | 38.7 | 41.2 | 19.65 |
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Mularczyk, M.; Michalak, I.; Marycz, K. Astaxanthin and other Nutrients from Haematococcus pluvialis—Multifunctional Applications. Mar. Drugs 2020, 18, 459. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18090459
Mularczyk M, Michalak I, Marycz K. Astaxanthin and other Nutrients from Haematococcus pluvialis—Multifunctional Applications. Marine Drugs. 2020; 18(9):459. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18090459
Chicago/Turabian StyleMularczyk, Malwina, Izabela Michalak, and Krzysztof Marycz. 2020. "Astaxanthin and other Nutrients from Haematococcus pluvialis—Multifunctional Applications" Marine Drugs 18, no. 9: 459. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18090459