Ω3 Supplementation and Intermittent Hypobaric Hypoxia Induce Cardioprotection Enhancing Antioxidant Mechanisms in Adult Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Body Weight and Cardiac Parameters
N | N + Ω3 | IH | IH + Ω3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 7) | (n = 7) | (n = 7) | (n = 7) | |
Cardiac/Body Weight | ||||
mg/g | 0.31 ± 0.09 | 0.33 ± 0.10 | 0.36 ± 0.15 | 0.28 ± 0.07 |
Heart Rate | ||||
beats/min | 310 ± 2.2 | 295 ± 1.8 | 308 ± 1.7 | 298 ± 2.3 |
2.2. Left Ventricular Function
N | N + Ω3 | IH | IH + Ω3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 7) | (n = 7) | (n = 7) | (n = 7) | |
Baseline values LVEDP (mmHg) | 5.7 ± 0.8 | 5.1 ± 0.5 | 6.1 ± 0.9 | 5.5 ± 0.7 |
After 120 min reperfusion LVEDP (mmHg) | 34.9 ± 1.8 | 33.1 ± 2.3 | 21.7 ± 1.9 * | 20.6 ± 3.7 * |
2.3. LDH Levels
2.4. HIF-1α and ATP Levels
2.5. Oxidative Stress Markers
2.6. Antioxidant Enzymes Levels
2.7. Pro-Inflammatory Markers
3. Discussion
3.1. Cardioprotective Mechanisms Induced by Chronic IHH
3.2. Cardioprotective Effects Derived from Ω3 Supplementation
3.3. Previous Studies on Chronic IHH
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals
4.2. Ex Vivo Heart—Langendorff Setup
4.3. Left Ventricular Function
4.4. Energy Consumption
4.5. Cellular Injury, Hypoxia, Oxidative Stress and Pro-Inflammatory Markers
4.5.1. Plasmatic Lactate Dehydrogenase
4.5.2. Cardiac HIF-1α
4.5.3. Cardiac ATP
4.5.4. Cardiac Malondialdehyde and Nitrotyrosine
4.5.5. Cardiac Antioxidant Enzymes
4.5.6. Cardiac NF-kappaB Transcription Factor
4.5.7. Cardiac Myeloperoxidase Activity
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Herrera, E.A.; Farías, J.G.; González-Candia, A.; Short, S.E.; Carrasco-Pozo, C.; Castillo, R.L. Ω3 Supplementation and Intermittent Hypobaric Hypoxia Induce Cardioprotection Enhancing Antioxidant Mechanisms in Adult Rats. Mar. Drugs 2015, 13, 838-860. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13020838
Herrera EA, Farías JG, González-Candia A, Short SE, Carrasco-Pozo C, Castillo RL. Ω3 Supplementation and Intermittent Hypobaric Hypoxia Induce Cardioprotection Enhancing Antioxidant Mechanisms in Adult Rats. Marine Drugs. 2015; 13(2):838-860. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13020838
Chicago/Turabian StyleHerrera, Emilio A., Jorge G. Farías, Alejandro González-Candia, Stefania E. Short, Catalina Carrasco-Pozo, and Rodrigo L. Castillo. 2015. "Ω3 Supplementation and Intermittent Hypobaric Hypoxia Induce Cardioprotection Enhancing Antioxidant Mechanisms in Adult Rats" Marine Drugs 13, no. 2: 838-860. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13020838
APA StyleHerrera, E. A., Farías, J. G., González-Candia, A., Short, S. E., Carrasco-Pozo, C., & Castillo, R. L. (2015). Ω3 Supplementation and Intermittent Hypobaric Hypoxia Induce Cardioprotection Enhancing Antioxidant Mechanisms in Adult Rats. Marine Drugs, 13(2), 838-860. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13020838