Role of Ki-67 and Annexin V in the Biological Behavior of Salivary Gland Tumors: Insights into Proliferation and Apoptosis
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Ethical Approval
2.2. Sample Size Calculation, Case Collection, and Data Collection
2.3. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) Procedure
- •
- Mouse monoclonal IgG, anti-Ki67 antibody, dilution 1:100 (ab16667);
- •
- Rabbit polyclonal IgG, anti-Annexin V antibody, dilution 1:1500 (ab140068).
2.4. Interpretation of Staining and Scoring
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Features
3.2. Ki-67 and Annexin V Immunohistochemistry
3.3. Quantification (Scoring) and Statistics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
| AdCC | Adenoid cystic carcinoma |
| ANX-I | Annexin I |
| ANX-II | Annexin II |
| ANX-V | Annexin V |
| FFPE | Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded |
| ICC | Interclass correlation coefficient |
| IHC | Immunohistochemistry |
| MEC | Mucoepidermoid carcinoma |
| NSG(s) | Normal salivary gland(s) |
| PA | Pleomorphic adenoma |
| PI | Proliferation index |
| SD(s) | Striated ducts |
| SG(s) | Salivary gland(s) |
| SGT(s) | Salivary gland tumor(s) |
| WT | Warthin tumor |
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| Variables | Total | PA | WT | MEC | AdCC | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | |||
| Age | 48 ± 14 | 39.5 ± 18 | 54.6 ± 18 | 51 ± 11.6 | 47 ± 12.7 | 0.086 | |
| Sex | Male | 25 (62.5%) | 3 (30%) | 9 (90%) | 6 (60%) | 7 (70%) | 0.046 |
| Female | 15 (37.5%) | 7 (70%) | 1 (10%) | 4 (40%) | 3 (30%) | ||
| Site | Parotid | 17 (43%) | 5 (50%) | 10 (100%) | 2 (20%) | 0 | <0.001 |
| Submandibular | 5 (12%) | 2 (20%) | 0 | 1 (10%) | 2 (20%) | ||
| Minor | 18 (45%) | 3 (30%) | 0 | 7 (70%) | 8 (80%) | ||
| Size (cm) * | 3.25 ± 2 | 2.49 ± 1.35 | 3.73 ± 1.35 | 3.1 ± 2.9 | 3.8 ± 2.2 | 0.206 | |
| Recurrence status | Primary | 33 (82.5%) | 9 (90%) | 10 (100%) | 8 (80%) | 6 (60%) | 0.109 |
| Recurrent | 7 (17.5%) | 1 (10%) | 0 | 2 (20%) | 4 (40%) | ||
| Survival outcome ** | Alive | 28 (93%) | 9 (100%) | 10 (100%) | 5 (100%) | 4 (67%) | 0.036 |
| Dead | 2 (7%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (33%) | ||
| Tumor Type | Parameters | No. | Ki-67 (%) | ANX-V (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PA | Spatial distribution | Periphery | 10 | 3.2 | 54 |
| Center | 3.4 | 53 | |||
| Cellular distribution * | Epithelial component | 10 | 68 | 20 | |
| Mesenchymal component | 32 | 80 | |||
| WT | Spatial distribution | Periphery | 10 | 7 | 41 |
| Center | 8 | 45 | |||
| Cellular distribution * | Luminal | 10 | 14 | 66 | |
| Basal | 86 | 34 | |||
| MEC | Histologic grade | Low | 3 | 6 | 55 |
| Intermediate | 4 | 10.75 | 37.25 | ||
| High | 3 | 18 | 30 | ||
| AdCC | Histologic pattern ** | Cribriform | 3 | 17.5 | 23 |
| Tubular | 3 | 15.5 | 33 | ||
| Solid | 4 | 37 | 17 | ||
| Parameters | Ki-67 Mean ± SD (%) | Correlation (r, p-Value) | ANX-V Mean ± SD (%) | Correlation (r, p-Value) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Recurrence status | Primary | 10.4 ± 1.7 | r = 0.186 p = 0.251 | 41.7 ± 3.5 | r = −0.198 p = 0.222 |
| Recurrence | 16.5 ± 5.3 | 31 ± 9 | |||
| Survival outcome | Alive | 8.97 ± 1.7 | r = 0.402 p = 0.028 | 42.8 ± 3.7 | r = −0.421 p = 0.021 |
| Dead | 34.7 ± 8.3 | 7.5 ± 3.5 |
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Garib, B.T.; Abdulla, D.A. Role of Ki-67 and Annexin V in the Biological Behavior of Salivary Gland Tumors: Insights into Proliferation and Apoptosis. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2026, 48, 387. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb48040387
Garib BT, Abdulla DA. Role of Ki-67 and Annexin V in the Biological Behavior of Salivary Gland Tumors: Insights into Proliferation and Apoptosis. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 2026; 48(4):387. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb48040387
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarib, Balkees Taha, and Dalya Ali Abdulla. 2026. "Role of Ki-67 and Annexin V in the Biological Behavior of Salivary Gland Tumors: Insights into Proliferation and Apoptosis" Current Issues in Molecular Biology 48, no. 4: 387. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb48040387
APA StyleGarib, B. T., & Abdulla, D. A. (2026). Role of Ki-67 and Annexin V in the Biological Behavior of Salivary Gland Tumors: Insights into Proliferation and Apoptosis. Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 48(4), 387. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb48040387

