Protective Role of Vitamin K3 on SARS-CoV-2 Structural Protein-Induced Inflammation and Cell Death
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Vitamin K3 Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 N Protein-Induced Endothelial Cell Activation
2.2. Vitamin K3 Reduced the Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines after N Protein Exposure
2.3. Vitamin K3 Prevents the Activation of NF-κB Signaling Pathway in HLMECs
2.4. Vitamin K3 Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 E Protein-Induced Pyroptosis in Monocytes
2.5. Vitamin K3 Decreased the Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Induced by E Protein in THP-1
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Reagents
4.2. Cell Culture and Treatment
4.3. Monocyte Adhesion Assay
4.4. LDH Assay
4.5. MTT Assay
4.6. QPCR
4.7. Western Blot
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Forward Primer (5′→ 3′) | Reverse primer (5′ → 3′) |
---|---|---|
Human ICAM-1 | AGCTTCGTGTCCTGTATGGC | TTTTCTGGCCACGTCCAGTT |
Human VCAM-1 | TGTTTGCAGCTTCTCAAGCTTTT | GATGTGGTCCCCTCATTCGT |
Human TNF-α | TCTCGCACCCCGAGTGA | GGAGCTGCCCCTCAGCTT |
Human MCP1 | CAGCCAGATGCAATCAATGCC | TGGAATCCTGAACCCACTTCT |
Human IL-1α | AGATGCCTGAGATACCCAAAACC | CCAAGCACACCCAGTAGTCT |
Human IL-1β | CCACAGACCTTCCAGGAGAATG | ATCCCATGTGTCGAAGAAGATAGG |
Human IL-6 | CCTGAACCTTCCAAAGATGGC | TTCACCAGGCAAGTCTCCTCA |
Human IL-18 | GCATCAACTTTGTGGCAAT | CCGATTTCCTTGGTCAAT |
Human NLRP3 | CGTGAGTCCCATTAAGATGGAGT | CCCGACAGTGGATATAGAACAGA |
Human E-Selectin | GGCAGTTCCGGGAAAGATCA | GTGGGAGCTTCACAGGTAGG |
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Zhan, Y.; Zha, D.; Lin, H.; Mao, X.; Yang, L.; Huang, H.; He, Z.; Zhou, S.; Xu, F.; Qian, Y.; et al. Protective Role of Vitamin K3 on SARS-CoV-2 Structural Protein-Induced Inflammation and Cell Death. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 1101. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16081101
Zhan Y, Zha D, Lin H, Mao X, Yang L, Huang H, He Z, Zhou S, Xu F, Qian Y, et al. Protective Role of Vitamin K3 on SARS-CoV-2 Structural Protein-Induced Inflammation and Cell Death. Pharmaceuticals. 2023; 16(8):1101. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16081101
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhan, Yixiong, Duoduo Zha, Hongru Lin, Xianxian Mao, Lingyi Yang, Houda Huang, Zongnan He, Sheng Zhou, Fei Xu, Yisong Qian, and et al. 2023. "Protective Role of Vitamin K3 on SARS-CoV-2 Structural Protein-Induced Inflammation and Cell Death" Pharmaceuticals 16, no. 8: 1101. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16081101