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Open AccessArticle
Direct Electrochemical Detection of Tyramine in Beer Samples Using a MWCNTs Modified GCE
1
University of Coimbra, CERES, Department of Chemical Engineering, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
2
LAQV-REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
3
LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2025, 25(11), 3322; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25113322 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 25 April 2025
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Revised: 19 May 2025
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Accepted: 22 May 2025
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Published: 25 May 2025
Abstract
In this study, an electrochemical method is presented for the direct determination of tyramine in beer samples. A multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was developed for the detection and quantification of tyramine at a low potential of 0.53 V. The electrochemical process and sensor parameters were thoroughly investigated to establish optimal analysis conditions. The method demonstrated a linear response range from 3 to 9 µM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.34 µM and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1 µM. The developed sensor was successfully applied to commercial beer samples for tyramine analysis. The results were compared with those obtained using the standard high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique, highlighting the sensor’s potential for tyramine determination in aqueous food samples without the need for complex sample preparation.
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MDPI and ACS Style
Almeida, C.M.R.; Barroso, M.F.; Moreira, M.M.; Magalhães, J.M.C.S.; Durães, L.
Direct Electrochemical Detection of Tyramine in Beer Samples Using a MWCNTs Modified GCE. Sensors 2025, 25, 3322.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s25113322
AMA Style
Almeida CMR, Barroso MF, Moreira MM, Magalhães JMCS, Durães L.
Direct Electrochemical Detection of Tyramine in Beer Samples Using a MWCNTs Modified GCE. Sensors. 2025; 25(11):3322.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s25113322
Chicago/Turabian Style
Almeida, Cláudio M. R., Maria Fátima Barroso, Manuela M. Moreira, Júlia M. C. S. Magalhães, and Luisa Durães.
2025. "Direct Electrochemical Detection of Tyramine in Beer Samples Using a MWCNTs Modified GCE" Sensors 25, no. 11: 3322.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s25113322
APA Style
Almeida, C. M. R., Barroso, M. F., Moreira, M. M., Magalhães, J. M. C. S., & Durães, L.
(2025). Direct Electrochemical Detection of Tyramine in Beer Samples Using a MWCNTs Modified GCE. Sensors, 25(11), 3322.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s25113322
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