Validation of the Kinematic Assessment Protocol Used in the Technology-Supported Neurorehabilitation System, Rehabilitation Technologies for Hand and Arm (R3THA™), in Children and Teenagers with Cerebral Palsy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Cerebral Palsy (CP) Background
1.2. Telerehabilitation in CP
1.3. Challenges in Remote Assessment in Children and Teenagers with CP
1.4. Study Objectives
2. Study One: Exploring the Relationship between R3HTA-AP Measurement Data and Children’s Ages and Upper Extremity Sizes
2.1. Materials and Methods
2.1.1. Study Participants
2.1.2. Study Protocol
2.1.3. Data Collection
Demographic Data
R3THA Assessment
2.1.4. Statistical Analysis
2.2. Results
2.2.1. Participants
2.2.2. Data Validation Analysis
3. Study Two: Evaluating the Validity of the R3HTA-AP by Correlating Its Kinematic Measurements with Clinical Assessments
3.1. Materials and Methods
3.1.1. Study Participants
3.1.2. Study Protocol
3.1.3. Data Collection
Demographic Data
Clinical Assessments
3.1.4. R3THA Assessment
3.2. Statistical Analysis
3.3. Results
3.3.1. Participants
3.3.2. Correlation Analysis
Correlation between Box and Blocks Test and R3THA-AP
Correlation between MA2-ROM and R3THA-AP
Correlation of R3THA-AP with MA2-Accuracy and MA2-Dexterity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Patent
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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R3THA-AP Subtest Items | Descriptions | Equation |
---|---|---|
Hand Open/Close Range (cm) | The participant fully opens and then fully closes their hand. The Hand Open/Close Range value is calculated by measuring the difference in the average distance between the fingertips and the center of the palm across all four fingers in these two positions. A larger value indicates a greater hand opening range. | where is the distance between the nth fingertips and the center of the palm when the hand is open; is the distance between the nth fingertips and the center of the palm when the hand is closed. |
Hand Open/Close Trace Error Rate (%) | The participant controls a cursor that moves up and down by opening and closing their hand. The participant attempts to trace an irregular wave which moves on the screen from left to right at a constant speed. The trace error rate is calculated as the root mean square error (RMSE) between the cursor position and the corresponding target point on the wave normalized by Hand Open/Close Range. The smaller the value, the better the control of hand opening. | where n is the number of observations; is the cursor position; is the corresponding target point on the wave; is the Hand Open/Close Range. |
Wrist Extension/Flexion Range (deg) | The participant extends and flexes their wrist against gravity with their forearm in a fixed position. The angular difference between these two positions is reported as the wrist pitch range. | Wrist Extension/Flexion Range = Max Wrist Extension angle + Max Wrist Flexion angle |
Wrist Extension/Flexion Trace Error Rate (%) | The participant controls a cursor that moves up and down by extending and flexing their wrist. They use the cursor to trace a sine wave on the screen. The trace error rate is calculated as the root mean square error (RMSE) between the cursor position and the corresponding target point on the wave. | where n is the number of observations; is the cursor position; is the corresponding target point on the wave; is the wrist extension/flexion range. |
Pronation/Supination Range (deg) | The participant moves and holds their hand in pronation and supination with their elbow fixed. The range is then calculated. | Pronation/Supination Range = Max Pronation angle + Max Supination angle |
Pronation/Supination Trace Error Rate (%) | The participant controls a cursor that moves up and down by pronating and supinating their hand. They use the cursor to trace a sine wave on the screen. The trace error rate is calculated as the root mean square error (RMSE) between the cursor position and the corresponding target point on the wave. | where n is the number of observations; is the cursor position; is the corresponding target point on the wave; is the forearm pronation/supination range. |
Mean (SD) | |
---|---|
Age | 9.28 (4.4) |
Gender | 15 females/21 males |
Hemiplegia side | 17 left/19 right |
Upper extremity size (inches) | 13.22 (2.53) |
Mean (SD) | |
---|---|
Age | 11.89 (2.5) |
Gender | 7 females/14 males |
Hemiplegia side | 11 left/9 right |
Initial Box and Block Test | 13.15 (10.13) |
Initial MA2-ROM | 0.71 (0.18) |
Initial MA2-Accuracy | 0.57 (0.24) |
Initial MA2-Dexterity | 0.74 (0.24) |
Initial MA2-Fluency | 0.62 (0.16) |
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Qiu, Q.; Mont, A.J.; Gross, A.; Fluet, G.; Adamovich, S.; Eriksson, M. Validation of the Kinematic Assessment Protocol Used in the Technology-Supported Neurorehabilitation System, Rehabilitation Technologies for Hand and Arm (R3THA™), in Children and Teenagers with Cerebral Palsy. Sensors 2024, 24, 5013. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24155013
Qiu Q, Mont AJ, Gross A, Fluet G, Adamovich S, Eriksson M. Validation of the Kinematic Assessment Protocol Used in the Technology-Supported Neurorehabilitation System, Rehabilitation Technologies for Hand and Arm (R3THA™), in Children and Teenagers with Cerebral Palsy. Sensors. 2024; 24(15):5013. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24155013
Chicago/Turabian StyleQiu, Qinyin, Ashley J. Mont, Amanda Gross, Gerard Fluet, Sergei Adamovich, and Mee Eriksson. 2024. "Validation of the Kinematic Assessment Protocol Used in the Technology-Supported Neurorehabilitation System, Rehabilitation Technologies for Hand and Arm (R3THA™), in Children and Teenagers with Cerebral Palsy" Sensors 24, no. 15: 5013. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24155013
APA StyleQiu, Q., Mont, A. J., Gross, A., Fluet, G., Adamovich, S., & Eriksson, M. (2024). Validation of the Kinematic Assessment Protocol Used in the Technology-Supported Neurorehabilitation System, Rehabilitation Technologies for Hand and Arm (R3THA™), in Children and Teenagers with Cerebral Palsy. Sensors, 24(15), 5013. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24155013