Evaluation of Different Pressure-Based Foot Contact Event Detection Algorithms across Different Slopes and Speeds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Protocol
2.2. Post-Hoc Data Processing
2.2.1. Reference FCE Detection
2.2.2. Pressure Based FCE Detection
FCE Algorithm 1 (FCE1) 2 Threshold Crossing
Algorithm 2 (FCE2) 2 Different Thresholds
Algorithm 3 (FCE3) 2 Peak Derivative
Algorithm 4 (FCE4) 2 Slope Extension Method
Algorithm 5 (FCE5) 2 Low-Frequency Unity
Algorithm 6 (FCE6) 2 Harle et al.
Algorithm 7 (FCE7) 2 Mann et al. & Hausdorff et al.
2.3. Data Analyses and Statistics
2.3.1. Algorithms across Speed (Level Grade)
2.3.2. Algorithms across Speed, across Grades
3. Results
3.1. Algorithms across Speeds (Level Grade)
3.2. Algorithm across Speed and across Grades
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- fc is equivalent to initial contact (IC), as used in the text of this paper
- fo is equivalent to toe off (TO), as used in the text of this paper.
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Initial Contact (IC) | Toe Off (TO) | Stance Time (GCT) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Speeds | Algorithms | Mean MAE ± SD (ms) | Mean MAE ± SD (ms) | Mean MAE ± SD (ms) |
2.6 | FCE1 | 0.7 ± 0.3 * | 1.3 ± 0.9 * | 7 ± 5 |
FCE2 | 1.3 ± 2.0 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 12 ± 11 | |
FCE3 | 3.7 ± 0.9 † | 15.9 ± 4.5 †‡ | 94 ± 24 * | |
FCE4 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 2.4 ± 0.9 | 12 ± 8 | |
FCE5 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 3.7 ± 1.4 | 26 ± 8 | |
FCE6 | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 3.4 ± 1.2 | 24 ± 7 | |
FCE7 | 5.1 ± 0.5 ‡ | 2.9 ± 1.1 | 41 ± 7 † | |
3.0 | FCE1 | 1.0 ± 1.1 * | 1.7 ± 1.4 * | 8 ± 5 |
FCE2 | 1.2 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 1.4 | 10 ± 6 | |
FCE3 | 3.7 ± 1.4 † | 12.4 ± 5.5 † | 79 ± 25 * | |
FCE4 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 2.1 ± 1.6 | 13 ± 6 | |
FCE5 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 4.1 ± 2 | 26 ± 10 | |
FCE6 | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 3.5 ± 1.4 | 22 ± 6 | |
FCE7 | 5.0 ± 1.2 ‡ | 3.7 ± 1.7 | 43 ± 9† | |
3.4 | FCE1 | 1.0 ± 1.1 * | 1.7 ± 1.4 * | 8 ± 5 |
FCE2 | 1.2 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 1.4 | 10 ± 6 | |
FCE3 | 3.7 ± 1.4 † | 12.4 ± 5.5 † | 79 ± 25 * | |
FCE4 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 2.1 ± 1.6 | 13 ± 6 | |
FCE5 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 4.1 ± 2 | 26 ± 10 | |
FCE6 | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 3.5 ± 1.4 | 22 ± 6 | |
FCE7 | 5.0 ± 1.2 ‡ | 3.7 ± 1.7 | 43 ± 9 † | |
3.8 | FCE1 | 1.0 ± 0.9 * | 2.5 ± 3.3 * | 10 ± 8 |
FCE2 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 3.3 | 12 ± 7 | |
FCE3 | 3.1 ± 1.0 † | 10.7 ± 4.6 † | 66 ± 22 * | |
FCE4 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 2.3 ± 2.2 | 16 ± 8 | |
FCE5 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 3.3 ± 2.9 | 23 ± 12 | |
FCE6 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 3.2 ± 2.7 | 20 ± 11 | |
FCE7 | 5.7 ± 0.8 ‡ | 3.4 ± 2.3 | 45 ± 12 † |
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Blades, S.; Marriott, H.; Hundza, S.; Honert, E.C.; Stellingwerff, T.; Klimstra, M. Evaluation of Different Pressure-Based Foot Contact Event Detection Algorithms across Different Slopes and Speeds. Sensors 2023, 23, 2736. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052736
Blades S, Marriott H, Hundza S, Honert EC, Stellingwerff T, Klimstra M. Evaluation of Different Pressure-Based Foot Contact Event Detection Algorithms across Different Slopes and Speeds. Sensors. 2023; 23(5):2736. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052736
Chicago/Turabian StyleBlades, Samuel, Hunter Marriott, Sandra Hundza, Eric C. Honert, Trent Stellingwerff, and Marc Klimstra. 2023. "Evaluation of Different Pressure-Based Foot Contact Event Detection Algorithms across Different Slopes and Speeds" Sensors 23, no. 5: 2736. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052736