Accuracy and Interpretation of the Acceleration from an Inertial Measurement Unit When Applied to the Sprint Performance of Track and Field Athletes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Overview
2.2. Participants
2.3. Experimental Procedures
2.4. Instruments
2.5. Data Processing
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analysis
3.2. Accuracy Data
3.3. Analyzing Symmetries or Asymmetries
3.4. Linear Regression Models between IMU Acceleration and the Average Velocity Obtained by the Photocells
3.5. Acceleration Images
4. Discussion
4.1. Accuracy of the Number of Steps
4.2. Accuracy of the Temporal Parameters
4.3. Analyzed Symmetries and Asymmetries
4.4. Linear Regression Models between IMU Acceleration and the Average Velocity Obtained by the Photocells
4.5. Recommendations and Practical Applications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Analyzed Parameter | Mean (SD) | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|
Number of steps | |||
0–10 m (IMU) | 7.43 (0.756) | 6 | 8 * |
0–10 m (Camera) | 7.36 (0.497) | 7 | 8 * |
10–20 m (IMU) | 5.50 (0.519) | 5 | 6 * |
10–20 m (Camera) | 5.29 (0.469) | 5 | 6 * |
20–30 m (IMU) | 4.71 (0.469) | 4 | 5 * |
20–30 m (Camera) | 5.07 (0.267) | 5 | 6 * |
30–40 m (IMU) | 4.93 (0.475) | 4 | 6 * |
30–40 m (Camera) | 4.36 (0.497) | 4 | 5 * |
0–40 m (IMU) | 22.6 (0.938) | 21 | 24 * |
0–40 m (Camera) | 22.1 (1.210) | 21 | 24 * |
Time (s) | |||
Ground contact time (IMU) | 0.119 (0.010) | 0.105 | 0.137 |
Ground contact time (Camera) | 0.119 (0.012) | 0.103 | 0.145 |
Flight time (IMU) | 0.118 (0.012) | 0.097 | 0.133 |
Flight time (Camera) | 0.128 (0.005) | 0.123 | 0.140 |
Step time (IMU | 0.238 (0.014) | 0.221 | 0.261 |
Step time (Camera) | 0.247 (0.011) | 0.232 | 0.271 |
Analyzed Parameter | Mean Error (SD) | Abs Mean Error | r | p | ¥ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of steps | |||||
0–10 m | −0.071 (0.703) | 0.500 | 0.374 | 0.188 | 0.555 |
10–20 m | −0.214 (0.410) | 0.214 | 0.632 | 0.015 | 0.266 |
20–30 m | 0.357 (0.479) | 0.357 | 0.175 | 0.559 | 0.025 |
30–40 m | −0.571 (0.495) | 0.571 | 0.438 | 0.117 | 0.007 |
0–40 m | −0.500 (0.627) | 0.500 | 0.875 | <0.001 | 0.239 |
Time (s) | |||||
Ground contact time | 0.000 (0.012) | 0.011 | 0.037 | 0.904 | 0.953 |
Flight time | 0.010 (0.011) | 0.012 | 0.378 | 0.182 | 0.010 |
Step time | 0.009 (0.009) | 0.012 | 0.793 | 0.001 | 0.066 |
IMU Data—Acceleration (m/s2) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Distance | Photocells (m/s) | Ratio | XX Max | XX Min | YY Max | YY Min | ZZ Max | ZZ Min |
0–10 m | 5.23 (0.34) | 0.52 (0.09) | 13.60 (2.31) * | −20.50 (6.12) * | 18.70 (5,68) | 17.80 (2.31) | 13.40 (3.45) | −12.20 (2.99) |
10–20 m | 8.23 (0.58) * | 0.70 (0.11) | 19.00 (2.37) ¥ | −24.10 (9.37) * | 15.50 (5.62) | −13.90 (2.00) | 12.00 (4.30) | −11.20 (3.07) |
20–30 m | 8.97 (0.71) | 0.74 (0.11) | 21.00 (4.07) ¥ | −26.90 (8.14) ¥ | 12.80 (2.52) | −12.20 (1.61) | 12.30 (6.31) | −10.60 (4.69) |
30–40 m | 9.20 (0.83) | 0.74 (0.12) | 20.80 (6.61) | −24.90 (6.58) | 12.20 (3.11) | −11.40 (1.38) | 11.80 (5.69) ¥ | −9.27 (4.34) |
0–40 m | 7.50 (0.54) | 0.68 (0.09) | 23.20 (4.08) ¥ | −29.60 (8.36) | 19.70 (5.59) | −17.80 (2.30) | 15.00 (5.56) | −13.50 (3.84) |
Predictor | β | SE | t | p | R | R2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Velocity | Intercept | 5.289 | 1.044 | 5.070 | <0.001 | 0.634 | 0.402 |
10–20 m | Maximum acceleration XX | 0.155 | 0.055 | 2.840 | 0.015 | ||
Velocity | Intercept | 6.807 | 0.923 | 7.378 | <0.001 | 0.590 | 0.348 |
20–30 m | Maximum acceleration XX | 0.076 | 0.047 | 1.607 | 0.136 | ||
Minimum acceleration XX | −0.022 | 0.024 | −0.926 | 0.374 | |||
Velocity | Intercept | 8.148 | 0.436 | 18.690 | <0.001 | 0.609 | 0.370 |
30–40 m | Maximum acceleration ZZ | 0.089 | 0.034 | 2.660 | 0.021 | ||
Velocity | Intercept | 5.197 | 0.583 | 8.920 | <0.001 | 0.757 | 0.573 |
0–40 m | Maximum acceleration XX | 0.099 | 0.025 | 4.010 | 0.002 |
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Miranda-Oliveira, P.; Branco, M.; Fernandes, O. Accuracy and Interpretation of the Acceleration from an Inertial Measurement Unit When Applied to the Sprint Performance of Track and Field Athletes. Sensors 2023, 23, 1761. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23041761
Miranda-Oliveira P, Branco M, Fernandes O. Accuracy and Interpretation of the Acceleration from an Inertial Measurement Unit When Applied to the Sprint Performance of Track and Field Athletes. Sensors. 2023; 23(4):1761. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23041761
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiranda-Oliveira, Paulo, Marco Branco, and Orlando Fernandes. 2023. "Accuracy and Interpretation of the Acceleration from an Inertial Measurement Unit When Applied to the Sprint Performance of Track and Field Athletes" Sensors 23, no. 4: 1761. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23041761