Reflection Characteristics Measurements of Indoor Wireless Link in D-Band
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Principle of Reflection Measurements and Theoretical Model
2.1. Reflection Measurement
2.2. Reflection Theoretical Model
2.3. Minimum Mean Square Error Criterion
3. Methodology
- The reflection coefficients, expressed as , are measured based on Section 2.1;
- The ranges of two parameters, and , are set to calculate the theoretical reflection coefficients ;
- The dataset of theoretical is compared with that of measured to calculate the MSE;.
- With MMSE criterion, the set of theoretical closest to the measured is selected, and therefore, the optimal relative permittivity and optimal surface roughness are obtained in two ranges;
- These two optimal estimated parameters are compared with the data in previous research to prove the rationality and robustness of our method and experiment;
- Based on the steps above, the reflection characteristics can be analyzed.
4. Experimental Setup
5. Results and Discussions
5.1. Reflection Coefficients
5.2. Relative Permittivity
5.3. Surface Roughness
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Frequency | Contributions |
---|---|---|
1995 | 57.5, 78.5 and 95.9 GHz |
|
1997 | 60 GHz band |
|
2007 | 100–1000 GHz band |
|
2008 | 100–500 GHz |
|
2010 | 110–135 GHz |
|
2018 | 100, 200, 300 and 400 GHz |
|
Year | Materials | Dielectric Properties | Equipment | Frequency | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1966 | Plexiglass | Permittivity | Fabry-Perot resonator | 143 GHz | 2.60 [25] |
2005 | Plaster, glass and wood | Absorption coefficient and refractive index | THz time-domain spectroscopy | 70–350 GHz | Figures to show the measured parameters VS frequency [17]. |
2007 | Ingrain wallpaper and two plaster samples | Surface roughness | Commercially available equipment for optical 3D micro- and nanometrology | 100–1000 GHz | of the surface height is 0.13 mm, 0.05 mm and 0.15 mm, respectively [20]. |
2014 | Four wood species | Complex permittivity | Quasioptical Mach-Zahnder Interferometer with backward-wave oscillator | 100–500 GHz | There is slight deviation among species, but the overall range is 1.60–1.89 [26]. |
2019 | Gypsum | Permittivity | Frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar sensors | 122–169 GHz | 2.595 [27] |
Material | Frequency | Permittivity |
---|---|---|
Wood | 1–100 GHz | 1.99 [28] |
110–170 GHz | 1.60–1.89 [26] | |
Plexiglass | 143 GHz | 2.60 [25] |
60–300 GHz | 2.581–2.602 [29] | |
Drywall (plaster) | 68–92 GHz | 2.80 [30] |
122–167 GHz | 2.595–2.602 [27] | |
Concrete board | 1–95.9 GHz | 6.2–7.0 [24] |
Red brick | 1–100 GHz | 3.75 [31] |
Specifications | Values | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Center frequency (GHz) | 110 | 120 | 130 | 140 | 150 | 160 | 170 |
LO frequency (GHz) | 9.06 | 9.90 | 10.73 | 11.56 | 12.40 | 13.23 | 14.06 |
IF frequency (GHz) | 1.2 | ||||||
Tx/Rx antenna gain (dBi) | 25 | ||||||
Tx/Rx azimuth HPBW | E plane: 9°/H plane: 10° | ||||||
Tx/Rx polarization | Horizontal | ||||||
Tx/Rx caliber (mm × mm) | 17.5 × 13.6 | ||||||
Tx/Rx projection diameter (mm) | 19.1 | ||||||
LNA gain (dB) | 35 |
Material | Size (cm × cm) | Radius of First Fresnel Zone in D-Band (cm) |
---|---|---|
Wood | 49.2 × 35.8 | 2.10–2.61 |
Plexiglass | 88.2 × 42.9 | |
Drywall (plaster) | 56.1 × 37.5 | |
Concrete board | 59.7 × 39.3 | |
Red brick | 45.6 × 31.2 |
Material | Reflection Loss (dB) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20° | 30° | 40° | 50° | 60° | 70° | |
Wood | 17.3 | 19.1 | 20.8 | 26.3 | 27.7 | 14.0 |
Plexiglass | 12.9 | 14.0 | 15.7 | 19.1 | 25.8 | 14.8 |
Drywall | 13.2 | 14.4 | 16.1 | 18.7 | 26.6 | 15.8 |
Concrete | 6.7 | 8.1 | 8.9 | 10.8 | 16.2 | 19.3 |
Red brick | 10.0 | 10.8 | 13.2 | 18.4 | 21.4 | 15.9 |
Material | (µm) | MMSE | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Wood | 1.60–1.89 | 1.75–1.92 | 76.4–80.0 | 3.79 × |
Plexiglass | 2.581–2.602 | 2.56–2.69 | 8.2–14.5 | 3.04 × |
Drywall | 2.595–2.602 | 2.51–2.69 | 96.4–99.2 | 5.47 × |
Concrete | 6.2–7.0 | 5.94–6.26 | 264.3–269.0 | 7.25 × |
Red brick | 3.75 | 3.49–3.76 | 321.3–325.0 | 6.43 × |
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Wang, M.; Wang, Y.; Li, W.; Ding, J.; Bian, C.; Wang, X.; Wang, C.; Li, C.; Zhong, Z.; Yu, J. Reflection Characteristics Measurements of Indoor Wireless Link in D-Band. Sensors 2022, 22, 6908. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186908
Wang M, Wang Y, Li W, Ding J, Bian C, Wang X, Wang C, Li C, Zhong Z, Yu J. Reflection Characteristics Measurements of Indoor Wireless Link in D-Band. Sensors. 2022; 22(18):6908. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186908
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Mingxu, Yanyi Wang, Weiping Li, Junjie Ding, Chengzhen Bian, Xinyi Wang, Chao Wang, Chao Li, Zhimeng Zhong, and Jianjun Yu. 2022. "Reflection Characteristics Measurements of Indoor Wireless Link in D-Band" Sensors 22, no. 18: 6908. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186908