Dynamic Task Offloading for Cloud-Assisted Vehicular Edge Computing Networks: A Non-Cooperative Game Theoretic Approach †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- We investigate the task-offloading problem in VNs to ensure the QoS and to accommodate a greater vehicular workload in MEC-enabled VNs.
- We propose an NGTO approach where vehicles can dynamically adjust the task-offloading probability to acquire the maximal utility. Moreover, we used a best response offloading strategy for deciding where the task will be offloaded.
- For local RSU computing, we use vehicle-to-RSU (V2R) communication mode and consider the movement of vehicles at various speeds when designing the VN model. Moreover, in our proposed model, vehicles are capable of offloading their computing tasks to a remote server in alternative ways—one via a base station (BS) and the other via RSUs.
- Finally, an extensive simulation analysis is conducted to demonstrate the efficiency of our proposed NGTO scheme, compared to its competitors, by reducing the task-failure rates and response times of infotainment, danger assessment, and navigation applications.
2. Related Work
3. Problem Scenario and System Model
3.1. Problem Scenario
- Scenario 1: Vehicles and enter the coverage area of and offload their task to the associated MEC server. The vehicle task is processed successfully by that MEC server; however, vehicle faces the overloaded problem for task execution.
- Scenario 2: Vehicle is placed in the coverage area and offloads a task to the associated MEC server. Before finishing that task, the vehicle has already passed multiple coverage areas. The vehicle enters the coverage area of when the task is finished.
3.2. Proposed System Model
3.3. Communication and Computation Model
3.3.1. Edge Offloading
3.3.2. Cloud Offloading
4. The Non-Cooperative Game Theory-Based Task Offloading Algorithm
4.1. The Basic Game Model
- is a set of N finite players (vehicles)
- is a set of offloading strategies for vehicle i, and the possible strategy of vehicle i is any of , where . Here, denotes the offloading decision set, where represents a task that offloads to a MEC server that is connected to RSU, denotes task offloads to a cloud server via RSUs, and indicates task offloads to a cloud server via the BS. Moreover, indicates that vehicle i has completed its task by choosing decision s; otherwise .
- is the payoff (utility) function of vehicle i, which can be represented as . Each vehicle is attempting to find out the strategy that is more profitable when offloading the task in order to maximize its utility, i.e.,
4.2. Payoff Function
4.3. Proposed Algorithm
Algorithm 1: NGTO algorithm. |
|
5. Performance Evaluation
- Local RSU Computing (LRC): In this scheme, the vehicle’s computation tasks are offloaded for processing in a MEC server that is located nearby.
- Random Offloading: In the random scheme, vehicles randomly choose as the target server a MEC server or a remote server to process the offloaded task. Moreover, the probability of choosing any of the target servers is the same.
- Collaborative Offloading: In this scheme, some offloaded tasks from vehicles will be processed by a local RSU, while the rest will be offloaded and processed by a remote cloud through RSU. In collaborative offloading scheme, it is preferred to use local RSU to offload delay-sensitive smaller tasks whereas remote cloud server is used for processing delay-tolerant larger tasks.
5.1. Simulation Setup
5.2. Simulation Results
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Proof of Theorem 1
References
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Ref. | Proposed Algorithm | # of | Server | Objectives | W.H. | Scenario | V2V | V2R | V2I |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vehicles | (Edge) | (Cloud) | |||||||
Ref. [19] | Stackelberg game | 120 | Edge | RT | Single | Highway | × | × | |
Ref. [20] | Non-cooperative game | ND | Edge | RT | Multi | Highway | × | ||
Ref. [21] | Stackelberg game | 10 | Edge | E | Single | Urban | × | × | |
Ref. [22] | Stackelberg game | ND | VC | RT | Single | Highway | × | × | |
Ref. [23] | Non-cooperative game | 70 | Edge | RT | Single | Highway | × | × | |
Ref. [24] | Sequential game | ND | Edge | RT | Single | No Data | × | × | |
Ref. [25] | Stackelberg game | 90 | VC, Edge | OC | Single | Highway | × | ||
Ref. [26] | Matching game | 100 | VC, Edge | RT, E | Single | Highway | × | ||
Ref. [27] | Potential game | 30 | Edge | RT | Single | No Data | × | × | |
Our Study | Non-cooperative game | 1000 | Edge, TC | RT | Sing., Mul. | Highway | × |
Parameters | Value |
---|---|
Number of RSUs | 20 |
Number of vehicles | 100∼1000 |
Network delay model | MMPP/M/1 queue model |
Number of VMs per MEC server | 4 |
Number of VMs per Cloud | 20 |
VM processing speed per MEC server | 10 GIPS |
VM processing speed in the Cloud | 75 GIPS |
RSU coverage radious | 500 m |
WLAN/MAN bandwidth | 10/1000 Mbps |
WAN/WAN over LTE bandwidth | 50/20 Mbps |
WAN/WAN over LTE propagation delay | 150/160 ms |
Parameters | Application Types | ||
---|---|---|---|
Navigation | Danger Assessment | Infotainment | |
Application (NA) | Application (DAA) | Application (IA) | |
Usage (%) | 30 | 35 | 35 |
Inter-arrival time of tasks (s) | 3 | 5 | 15 |
Delay sensitivity | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.25 |
Maximum delay requirement (s) | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 |
Upload data volume (KB) | 20 | 40 | 20 |
Download data volume (KB) | 20 | 20 | 80 |
Average length of task (GI) | 3 | 10 | 20 |
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Hossain, M.D.; Sultana, T.; Hossain, M.A.; Layek, M.A.; Hossain, M.I.; Sone, P.P.; Lee, G.-W.; Huh, E.-N. Dynamic Task Offloading for Cloud-Assisted Vehicular Edge Computing Networks: A Non-Cooperative Game Theoretic Approach. Sensors 2022, 22, 3678. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22103678
Hossain MD, Sultana T, Hossain MA, Layek MA, Hossain MI, Sone PP, Lee G-W, Huh E-N. Dynamic Task Offloading for Cloud-Assisted Vehicular Edge Computing Networks: A Non-Cooperative Game Theoretic Approach. Sensors. 2022; 22(10):3678. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22103678
Chicago/Turabian StyleHossain, Md. Delowar, Tangina Sultana, Md. Alamgir Hossain, Md. Abu Layek, Md. Imtiaz Hossain, Phoo Pyae Sone, Ga-Won Lee, and Eui-Nam Huh. 2022. "Dynamic Task Offloading for Cloud-Assisted Vehicular Edge Computing Networks: A Non-Cooperative Game Theoretic Approach" Sensors 22, no. 10: 3678. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22103678
APA StyleHossain, M. D., Sultana, T., Hossain, M. A., Layek, M. A., Hossain, M. I., Sone, P. P., Lee, G.-W., & Huh, E.-N. (2022). Dynamic Task Offloading for Cloud-Assisted Vehicular Edge Computing Networks: A Non-Cooperative Game Theoretic Approach. Sensors, 22(10), 3678. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22103678