Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Propagation Channel over Vegetation and Lake Areas: First- and Second-Order Statistical Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials
2.1. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
2.2. XBee Module
3. Mathematical Formulation and Methodology
3.1. Filtering
3.2. Large-Scale Attenuation
3.3. Small-Scale Fading
3.3.1. Level Crossing Rate
3.3.2. Doppler Frequency
4. Measurement Scenario
4.1. Measurement Scenario 1: Lake
4.2. Measurement Scenario 2: Caatinga
4.3. Measurement Scenario 3: Mixed
5. Results
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Work | Frequency | UAV | Scenario | Height | Channel Statistics |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[10] | 2 GHz | Airship | Urban | 100–170 m | PDF, CDF, AFD, LCR, PSD, AF |
[11] | 2 GHz | Airship | Urban | 150–300 m | PL |
[12] | 5.76 GHz 1.817 GHz | Hexacopter | Suburban | 0–50 m | PL, SF, K, RMS, CDF |
[13] | 4.3 GHz | Quadcopter | Open field, Suburban | 4–16 m | PL, SF, , , PDF, CDF, RMS, BC |
[14] | 2.4 GHz | Hexacopter | Laboratory, Open air | 10–40 m | PL, PAS, K, |
[15] | 802.11a | Quadcopter | Open field | 15–110 m | PL, PAS, CDF |
[16] | 802.11a | Quadcopter | Open field, Field area | 20–100 m | PL |
[17] | 802.11a | Fixed Wing | Aerodrome | 46 m | PL |
[18] | 802.11a/g, 900 MHz | Fixed Wing | Aerodrome, Rural | 46 m, 107–274 m | PL |
[19] | GSM, UMTS | Fixed Wing, Capture balloon | Urban, Rural | 0–500 m | PL |
[20] | GSM, UMTS, LTE | Weather balloon | Urban | 11–18 m | PL |
[21] | LTE (800 MHz) | Hexacopter | Rural | 15–100 m | PL, SF |
[22] | LTE (850 MHz) | Quadcopter | Suburban | 15–120 m | PL, SF |
[23] | 2 GHz | Airship | Urban, Wooded Region | 100–170 m | CDF, DG, AFD, LCR |
[24] [25] | 5.8 GHz | Octocopter | Residential | - | RMS, DS, CDF |
[26] | 802.11b/g | Fixed Wing | Agricultural region | 75 m | AF, DG |
[27] | PCS, AWS, 700 MHz | Quadcopter | Mix Suburban | 122 m | PL, CDF |
[28] | EDGE, HSPA+, LTE | Hexacopter | - | 10–100 m | RTT, J |
[29] | 909 MHz | Quadcopter | Open field, Simulated Village | 40–60 m | PL, PES |
[30] | 2/3.5/5.5 GHz | HAP airship | Built-up areas | - | SF |
[31] | 2.585 GHz | Hexacopter | Suburban | 15–300 m | PDP, RMS, DS |
[32] | 3.4/3.8 GHz | Commercial UAV | Open area | 5–15 m | PDP, RMS |
This work | 915 MHz | Quadcopter | Lake, Caatinga | 8–80 m | PL, LCR, CDF, DS, SF, K, , , m, , |
Schedule | Temperature | Average Wind Speed |
---|---|---|
10:00 | 31 °C | 31 km/h |
11:00 | 31 °C | 28 km/h |
12:00 | 31 °C | 33 km/h |
13:00 | 31 °C | 28 km/h |
14:00 | 30 °C | 33 km/h |
15:00 | 30 °C | 35 km/h |
16:00 | 30 °C | 28 km/h |
17:00 | 29 °C | 24 km/h |
Velocity | Height | Traveled Distance |
---|---|---|
1 km/h | 8 m | 120 m |
1 km/h | 80 m | 150 m |
3 km/h | 8 m | 120 m |
3 km/h | 80 m | 150 m |
Velocity | Height | Traveled Distance |
---|---|---|
1 km/h | 80 m | 130 m |
3 km/h | 80 m | 250 m |
Velocity | Height | Traveled Distance |
---|---|---|
1 km/h | 80 m | 150 m |
3 km/h | 80 m | 150 m |
Environment | Path Loss Exponent | Speed (km / h) | Height (m) |
---|---|---|---|
Lake | −7.8 | 1 | 8 |
Lake | −8.9 | 3 | 8 |
Lake | 2.9 | 1 | 80 |
Lake | 2.0 | 3 | 80 |
Mixed region | 3.7 | 1 | 80 |
Mixed region | 3.8 | 3 | 80 |
Caatinga | 3.7 | 1 | 80 |
Caatinga | 1.9 | 3 | 80 |
Environment | Height (m) | Speed (km/h) | Average () | Standard Deviation () | Window |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lake | 8 | 1 | −0.036457 | 4.9594 | 10 |
Lake | 8 | 3 | −0.00010684 | 5.1219 | 5 |
Lake | 80 | 1 | 0.014171 | 1.5940 | 15 |
Lake | 80 | 3 | 0.019407 | 1.3563 | 15 |
Mixed region | 80 | 1 | 0.021741 | 1.8036 | 10 |
Mixed region | 80 | 3 | 0.023567 | 1.4659 | 20 |
Caatinga | 80 | 1 | 0.0089469 | 2.6579 | 10 |
Caatinga | 80 | 3 | −0.0052443 | 3.0010 | 15 |
Window | Nakagami (m, ) | Rice (K) | Rayleigh () | Weibull (, ) | Height (m) | Environment | Velocity (km/h) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | 0.42621, 4.0043 | 0.00033815 | 1.415 | 1.1251, 1.4969 | 8 | Lake | 1 |
5 | 0.54171, 1.8553 | 0.00032789 | 0.96315 | 1.3129, 1.1415 | 8 | Lake | 3 |
15 | 0.4374, 2.6966 | 0.00027749 | 1.1612 | 1.1512, 1.2552 | 80 | Caatinga | 1 |
15 | 0.43961, 2.6205 | 0.00027911 | 1.1447 | 1.1688, 1.2184 | 80 | Caatinga | 3 |
10 | 0.44587, 2.4439 | 0.0002916 | 1.1054 | 1.1751, 1.1859 | 80 | Mixed region | 1 |
20 | 0.37927, 3.2004 | 0.00020356 | 1.265 | 1.0619, 1.2123 | 80 | Mixed region | 3 |
10 | 0.35111, 2.3994 | 0.00027483 | 1.0953 | 1.0072, 1.0094 | 80 | Lake | 1 |
15 | 0.37418, 3.3069 | 0.00019419 | 1.2859 | 1.0548, 1.2181 | 80 | Lake | 3 |
UAV Speed (km/h) | Doppler Frequency (Minimum–Maximum) |
---|---|
1 | 0–0.86 Hz |
3 | 0–2.6031 Hz |
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Leite, D.L.; Alsina, P.J.; de Medeiros Campos, M.M.; de Sousa, V.A., Jr.; de Medeiros, A.A.M. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Propagation Channel over Vegetation and Lake Areas: First- and Second-Order Statistical Analysis. Sensors 2022, 22, 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22010065
Leite DL, Alsina PJ, de Medeiros Campos MM, de Sousa VA Jr., de Medeiros AAM. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Propagation Channel over Vegetation and Lake Areas: First- and Second-Order Statistical Analysis. Sensors. 2022; 22(1):65. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22010065
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeite, Deyvid L., Pablo Javier Alsina, Millena M. de Medeiros Campos, Vicente A. de Sousa, Jr., and Alvaro A. M. de Medeiros. 2022. "Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Propagation Channel over Vegetation and Lake Areas: First- and Second-Order Statistical Analysis" Sensors 22, no. 1: 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22010065