An Integrated Wireless Multi-Sensor System for Monitoring the Water Quality of Aquaculture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Wireless Multi-Sensor IoT System Design
2.1. Sensors Description for Aquaculture
2.2. Hardware Description for the Wireless MCU and IoT System
3. System Implementation
3.1. Hardware Implementation for the Wireless Multi-Sensor IoT System
3.2. Software Design for the Wireless Multi-Sensor IoT System
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Pre-Calibration Process
4.2. In Situ Monitoring Results
4.3. Post-Calibration Results
4.4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Sensors | Processor | Communication | Information Platform | References | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T | pH | DO | EC | TD | ORP | Sal | |||||
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | * | PICNIC 2.0 | CDMA | Intranet Platform | Zhua et al. (2010) |
2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Multimeter | × | × | Zhang et al. (2011) |
3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Wastmode | ZeeBee/WiFi/GPRS | DiGi International | Odey & Li (2013) |
4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ATMega | ZeeBee | LabVIEW | Simbeye & Yang (2018) |
5 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Dataloger | Manual offload | HOBO | Schmidt et al. (2019) |
6 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | Raspberry Pi | WiFi/CDMA | ThingSpeak | Saparudin et al. (2019) |
7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | Embeded MCU | RoLa/WiFi | ThingSpeak | Dahn et al. (2020) |
8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ESP-32 | WiFi | ThingSpeak | Proposed |
pH | pH Buffer Solutions @25 °C | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
°C | 1.68 | 4.01 | 6.86 | 7.00 | 9.18 | 10.10 | 12.46 |
0 | 1.67 | 4.01 | 6.98 | 7.12 | 9.46 | 10.32 | 13.47 |
5 | 1.67 | 4.01 | 6.95 | 7.09 | 9.39 | 10.25 | 13.25 |
10 | 1.67 | 4.00 | 6.92 | 7.06 | 9.32 | 10.18 | 13.03 |
15 | 1.67 | 4.00 | 6.90 | 7.04 | 9.27 | 10.12 | 12.83 |
20 | 1.68 | 4.00 | 6.88 | 7.02 | 9.22 | 10.06 | 12.64 |
25 | 1.68 | 4.01 | 6.86 | 7.00 | 9.18 | 10.01 | 12.46 |
30 | 1.69 | 4.01 | 6.85 | 6.98 | 9.14 | 9.97 | 12.29 |
35 | 1.69 | 4.02 | 6.84 | 6.98 | 9.10 | 9.93 | 12.14 |
40 | 1.70 | 4.03 | 6.84 | 6.97 | 9.07 | 9.89 | 11.99 |
45 | 1.70 | 4.04 | 6.83 | 6.97 | 9.04 | 9.86 | 11.86 |
50 | 1.71 | 4.06 | 6.83 | 6.97 | 9.01 | 9.83 | 11.73 |
55 | 1.72 | 4.08 | 6.83 | 6.97 | 8.99 | 9.81 | 11.61 |
Sensors | Measuring Range | Measuring Accuracy | Operating Temperature | Warning Range |
---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature | −55–125 °C | ±0.5 °C @ −10–85 °C | −55–125 °C | ≤0 °C or ≥40 |
pH | 0–14 | ±0.1 @ 25 °C | 0–60 °C | <6.5 or >8.5 |
DO | 0–20 mg/L | NA | 0–50 °C | ≤6 mg/L |
EC | 0–20 mS/cm | ±5% F.S. | 0–40 °C | ≥5 mS/cm |
Pin No. | Pin Function | Function | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
3 | GPIO36 (ADC0) | pH reading | Input only |
4 | GPIO39 (ADC3) | DO reading | Input only |
5 | GPIO34 (ADC6) | EC reading | Input only |
6 | GPIO35 (ADC7) | Temperature reading | Input only |
14 | GND | Ground | |
19 | 5 VDC | Power supply |
Items | Reference | Accuracy Analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Difference Range | MAE | RMSE | ||
Temperature sensor | HEL-711 RTD | −0.10–0.10 °C | 0.0331 °C | 0.0403 °C |
pH sensor | pH 4.0 buffer solution | −0.26–0.31 | 0.0899 | 0.1094 |
pH 6.86 buffer solution | −0.20–0.16 | 0.0624 | 0.0755 | |
pH 9.18 buffer solution | −0.31–0.23 | 0.0920 | 0.1119 | |
DO sensor | FOPTOD ODO | −0.10–0.10 mg/L | 0.0339 mg/L | 0.414 mg/L |
EC sensor | 1413 μS/cm conductivity solution | −0.19–0.17 mS/cm | 0.0574 mS/cm | 0.0698 mS/cm |
12.88 mS/cm conductivity solution | −0.28–0.26 mS/cm | 0.0882 mS/cm | 0.1082 mS/cm | |
Salinity estimation | Vernier Salinity Sensor | −10–9 ppm | 3.0285 ppm | 3.6451 ppm |
Items | Accuracy Analysis | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Difference Range | MAE | RMSE | |
Temperature sensor | 25.0951 °C | −0.31–0.34 °C | 0.0961 °C | 0.1178 °C |
pH sensor | 7.1755 | −0.20–0.20 | 0.0640 | 0.782 |
DO sensor | 9.5228 mg/L | −0.35–0.33 mg/L | 0.0990 mg/L | 0.1217 mg/L |
EC sensor | 0.7923 mS/cm | −0.18–0.18 mS/cm | 0.0571 mS/cm | 0.0694 mS/cm |
Salinity estimation | 464 ppm | −2–2 ppm | 0.5337 ppm | 0.7557 ppm |
Items | Reference | Accuracy Analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Difference Range | MAE | RMSE | ||
Temperature sensor | HEL-711 RTD | −0.10–0.10 °C | 0.0339 °C | 0.0417 °C |
pH sensor | pH 6.86 buffer solution | −0.23–0.15 | 0.0603 | 0.0738 |
DO sensor | FOPTOD ODO | −0.10–0.10 mg/L | 0.0329 mg/L | 0.401 mg/L |
EC sensor | 1413 μS/cm conductivity solution | −0.19–0.17 mS/cm | 0.0574 mS/cm | 0.0698 mS/cm |
Salinity estimation | Vernier Salinity Sensor | −10–10 ppm | 2.9743 ppm | 3.6078 ppm |
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Lin, J.-Y.; Tsai, H.-L.; Lyu, W.-H. An Integrated Wireless Multi-Sensor System for Monitoring the Water Quality of Aquaculture. Sensors 2021, 21, 8179. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248179
Lin J-Y, Tsai H-L, Lyu W-H. An Integrated Wireless Multi-Sensor System for Monitoring the Water Quality of Aquaculture. Sensors. 2021; 21(24):8179. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248179
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Jen-Yung, Huan-Liang Tsai, and Wei-Hong Lyu. 2021. "An Integrated Wireless Multi-Sensor System for Monitoring the Water Quality of Aquaculture" Sensors 21, no. 24: 8179. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248179