A Remote Raman System and Its Applications for Planetary Material Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Setup and Samples
3. Results and Discussions
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Wang, A.; Jolliff, B.L.; Haskin, L.A. Raman spectroscopy as a method for mineral identification on lunar robotic exploration missions. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 1995, 100, 21189–21199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wopenka, B.; Sandford, S. Laser Raman microprobe study of mineral phases in meteorites. Meteoritics 1984, 19, 340. [Google Scholar]
- Hutchinson, I.B.; Ingley, R.; Edwards, H.G.M.; Harris, L.; McHugh, M.; Malherbe, C.; Parnell, J. Raman spectroscopy on Mars: Identification of geological and bio-geological signatures in Martian analogues using miniaturized Raman spectrometers. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 2014, 372, 20140204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kobayasi, T.; Inaba, H. Spectroscopic detection of SO2 and CO2 molecules in polluted atmosphere by laser-raman radar technique. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1970, 17, 139–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Angel, S.M.; Kulp, T.J.; Vess, T.M. Remote-Raman spectroscopy at intermediate ranges using low-power cw lasers. Appl. Spectrosc. 1992, 46, 1085–1091. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Klein, V.; Popp, J.; Tarcea, N.; Schmitt, M.; Kiefer, W.; Hofer, S.; Stuffler, T.; Hilchenbach, M.; Doyle, D.; Dieckmann, M. Remote Raman spectroscopy as a prospective tool for planetary surfaces. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2004, 35, 433–440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abedin, M.N.; Bradley, A.T.; Misra, A.K.; Bai, Y.; Hines, G.D.; Sharma, S.K. Standoff ultracompact micro-Raman sensor for planetary surface explorations. Appl. Opt. 2018, 57, 62–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sandford, M.W.; Misra, A.K.; Acosta-Maeda, T.E.; Sharma, S.K.; Porter, J.N.; Egan, M.J.; Abedin, M.N. Detecting Minerals and Organics Relevant to Planetary Exploration Using a Compact Portable Remote Raman System at 122 Meters. Appl. Spectrosc. 2021, 75, 299–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cote, K.; Lallab, E.A.; Konstantinidisc, M.; Dalyd, M.; Dietrich, P. A combined Raman, LIF, and micro-LIBS system with time-resolved fluorescence capabilities for planetary exploration applications. In Proceedings of the International Astronautical Congress (IAC), Washington, DC, USA, 20–25 October 2019; International Astronautical Federation (IAF): Paris, France, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Misra, A.K.; Sharma, S.K.; Lucey, P.G. Remote Raman spectroscopic detection of minerals and organics under illuminated conditions from a distance of 10 m using a single 532 nm laser pulse. Appl. Spectrosc. 2006, 60, 223–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clegg, S.; Wiens, R.; Misra, A.K.; Sharma, S.K.; Lambert, J.; Bender, S.; Newell, R.; Nowak-Lovato, K.; Smrekar, S.; Dyar, M.D.; et al. Remote Raman-laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) geochemical investigation under Venus atmospheric conditions. In Proceedings of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, TX, USA, 7–11 March 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Clegg, S.; Sharma, S.K.; Misra, A.K.; Dyar, M.D.; Dallmann, N.; Wiens, R.C.; Vaniman, D.T.; Speicher, E.A.; Smrekar, S.E.; Wang, A.; et al. Raman and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) remote geochemical analysis under Venus atmospheric pressure. In Proceedings of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, TX, USA, 19–23 March 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Sharma, S.K.; Misra, A.K.; Clegg, S.M.; Barefield, J.E.; Wiens, R.C.; Acosta, T.E.; Bates, D.E. Remote-Raman spectroscopic study of minerals under supercritical CO2 relevant to Venus exploration. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2011, 80, 75–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharma, S.K.; Misra, A.K.; Clegg, S.; Barefield, J.; Wiens, R.C.; Acosta, T. Time-resolved remote Raman study of minerals under supercritical CO2 and high temperatures relevant to Venus exploration. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 2010, 368, 3167–3191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sharma, S.K.; Misra, A.K.; Lucey, P.G.; Lentz, R.C. A combined remote Raman and LIBS instrument for characterizing minerals with 532 nm laser excitation. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2009, 73, 468–476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sharma, S.K.; Lucey, P.G.; Ghosh, M.; Hubble, H.W.; Horton, K.A. Stand-off Raman spectroscopic detection of minerals on planetary surfaces. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2003, 59, 2391–2407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Stopar, J.D.; Lucey, P.G.; Sharma, S.K.; Misra, A.K.; Taylor, G.J.; Hubble, H.W. Raman efficiencies of natural rocks and minerals: Performance of a remote Raman system for planetary exploration at a distance of 10 meters. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2005, 61, 2315–2323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharma, S.K.; Angel, S.M.; Ghosh, M.; Hubble, H.W.; Lucey, P.G. Remote pulsed laser Raman spectroscopy system for mineral analysis on planetary surfaces to 66 meters. Appl. Spectrosc. 2002, 56, 699–705. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Misra, A.K.; Acosta-Maeda, T.E.; Porter, J.N.; Egan, M.J.; Sandford, M.W.; Oyama, T.; Zhou, J. Remote Raman detection of chemicals from 1752 m during afternoon daylight. Appl. Spectrosc. 2020, 74, 233–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wiens, R.C.; Maurice, S.; Robinson, S.H.; Nelson, A.E.; Cais, P.; Bernardi, P.; Newell, R.T.; Clegg, S.; Sharma, S.K.; Storms, S.; et al. The SuperCam instrument suite on the NASA Mars 2020 rover: Body unit and combined system tests. Space Sci. Rev. 2021, 217, 1–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beegle, L.; Bhartia, R.; White, M.; DeFlores, L.; Abbey, W.; Wu, Y.-H.; Cameron, B.; Moore, J.; Fries, M.; Burton, A.; et al. SHERLOC: Scanning habitable environments with Raman & luminescence for Organics & Chemicals. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA, 7–14 March 2015; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Perez, R.; Parès, L.P.; Newell, R.; Robinson, S.; Bernardi, P.; Réess, J.-M.; Caïs, P.; McCabe, K.; Maurice, S.; Wiens, R.C. The supercam instrument on the NASA Mars 2020 mission: Optical design and performance. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 2016, Biarritz, France, 18–21 October 2016; International Society for Optics and Photonics: Bellingham, WA, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Veneranda, M.; Parès, L.P.; Newell, R.; Robinson, S.; Bernardi, P.; Réess, J.-M.; Caïs, P.; McCabe, K.; Maurice, S.; Wiens, R.C. ExoMars Raman Laser Spectrometer (RLS): Development of chemometric tools to classify ultramafic igneous rocks on Mars. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wan, W.; Wang, C.; Li, C.L.; Wei, Y. China’s first mission to Mars. Nat. Astron. 2020, 4, 721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ling, Z.; Wang, A. A systematic spectroscopic study of eight hydrous ferric sulfates relevant to Mars. Icarus 2010, 209, 422–433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, D.; Ullman, F.G.; Hardy, J.R. Raman scattering and lattice-dynamical calculations of crystalline KNO 3. Phys. Rev. B 1992, 45, 2142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Brooker, M. Raman study of the structural properties of KNO3 (II). Can. J. Chem. 1977, 55, 1242–1250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gunasekaran, S.; Anbalagan, G.; Pandi, S. Raman and infrared spectra of carbonates of calcite structure. J. Raman Spectrosc. Int. J. Orig. Work Asp. Raman Spectrosc. Incl. High. Order Process. Brillouin Rayleigh Scatt. 2006, 37, 892–899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koura, N.; Kohara, S.; Takeuchi, K.; Takahashi, S.; Curtiss, L.; Grimsditch, M.; Saboungi, M.-L. Alkali carbonates: Raman spectroscopy, ab initio calculations, and structure. J. Mol. Struct. 1996, 382, 163–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buzgar, N.; Apopei, A.I. The Raman study of certain carbonates. Geol. Tomul L 2009, 2, 97–112. [Google Scholar]
- Zapata, F.; García-Ruiz, C. The discrimination of 72 nitrate, chlorate and perchlorate salts using IR and Raman spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2018, 189, 535–542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kounaves, S.; Carrier, B.L.; O’Neil, G.; Stroble, S.T.; Claire, M. Evidence of martian perchlorate, chlorate, and nitrate in Mars meteorite EETA79001: Implications for oxidants and organics. Icarus 2014, 229, 206–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leshin, L.A.; Mahaffy, P.R.; Webster, C.R.; Cabane, M.; Coll, P.; Conrad, P.G.; Archer, P.D.; Atreya, S.K.; Brunner, A.E.; Buch, A.; et al. Volatile, isotope, and organic analysis of martian fines with the Mars Curiosity rover. Science 2013, 341, 1238937. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Navarro-González, R.; Vargas, E.; de la Rosa, J.; Raga, A.C.; McKay, C.P. Reanalysis of the Viking results suggests perchlorate and organics at midlatitudes on Mars. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 2010, 115, E12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jackson, W.A.; Davila, A.F.; Sears, D.W.; Coates, J.D.; McKay, C.P.; Brundrett, M.; Estrada, N.; Bohlke, J.K. Widespread occurrence of (per) chlorate in the Solar System. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2015, 430, 470–476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nuding, D.L.; Gough, R.V.; Venkateswaran, K.J.; Spry, J.A.; Tolbert, M.A. Laboratory investigations on the survival of Bacillus subtilis spores in deliquescent salt Mars analog environments. Astrobiology 2017, 17, 997–1008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arvidson, R.E.; Poulet, F.; Bibring, J.-P.; Wolff, M.; Gendrin, A.; Morris, R.V.; Freeman, J.J.; Langevin, Y.; Mangold, N.; Bellucci, G. Spectral reflectance and morphologic correlations in eastern Terra Meridiani, Mars. Science 2005, 307, 1591–1594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Buzgar, N.; Buzatu, A.; Sanislav, I.V. The Raman Study on Certain Sulfates; Analele Stiintifice ale Universitatii Al. I. Cuza: Iasi, Romania, 2009; Volume 55, pp. 5–23. [Google Scholar]
- Cao, H.; Chen, J.; Ling, Z. Laboratory synthesis and spectroscopic studies of hydrated Al-sulfates relevant to Mars. Icarus 2019, 333, 283–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moskovits, M.; Michaelian, K. A reinvestigation of the Raman spectrum of water. J. Chem. Phys. 1978, 69, 2306–2311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Đuričković, I.; Claverie, R.; Bourson, P.; Marchetti, M.; Chassot, J.; Fontana, M.D. Water–ice phase transition probed by Raman spectroscopy. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2011, 42, 1408–1412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clark, R.N. Detection of adsorbed water and hydroxyl on the Moon. Science 2009, 326, 562–564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jakosky, B.M.; Haberle, R.M. The seasonal behavior of water on Mars. Mars 1992, 969–1016. [Google Scholar]
- Paige, D.A.; Wood, S.E.; Vasavada, A.R. The thermal stability of water ice at the poles of Mercury. Science 1992, 258, 643–646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Burikov, S.; Dolenko, T.; Patsaeva, S.; Starokurov, Y.; Yuzhakov, V. Raman and IR spectroscopy research on hydrogen bonding in water–ethanol systems. Mol. Phys. 2010, 108, 2427–2436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Gelder, J.; de Gussem, K.; Vandenabeele, P.; Moens, L. Reference database of Raman spectra of biological molecules. J. Raman Spectrosc. Int. J. Orig. Work Asp. Raman Spectrosc. Incl. High. Order Process. Brillouin Rayleigh Scatt. 2007, 38, 1133–1147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krishnamurti, D. The Raman spectrum of quartz and its interpretation. Indian Acad. Sci. Sect. A 1958, 47, 276–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krishnan, R.S. Raman spectrum of quartz. Nature 1945, 155, 452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Freeman, J.J.; Wang, A.; Kuebler, K.E.; Jolliff, B.L.; Haskin, L.A. Characterization of natural feldspars by Raman spectroscopy for future planetary exploration. Can. Mineral. 2008, 46, 1477–1500. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuebler, K.E.; Jolliff, B.L.; Wang, A.; Haskin, L.A. Extracting olivine (Fo–Fa) compositions from Raman spectral peak positions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2006, 70, 6201–6222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McMillan, P.F.; Wolf, G.H.; Lambert, P. A Raman spectroscopic study of shocked single crystalline quartz. Phys. Chem. Miner. 1992, 19, 71–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ling, Z.; Wang, A.; Jolliff, B.L. Mineralogy and geochemistry of four lunar soils by laser-Raman study. Icarus 2011, 211, 101–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, J.; Jolliff, B.L.; Wang, A.; Korotev, R.L.; Wang, K.; Carpenter, P.K.; Chen, H.; Ling, Z.; Fu, X.; Ni, Y.; et al. Petrogenesis and shock metamorphism of basaltic lunar meteorites Northwest Africa 4734 and 10597. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 2019, 124, 2583–2598. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- HORIBA. Determining Signal to Noise Ratio of a Spectrofluorometer: Methods and Formulas to Ensure Accurate Sensitivity Comparisons. Available online: https://www.horiba.com/en_en/technology/spectroscopy/fluorescence-spectroscopy/how-to-calculate-signal-to-noise-ratio/ (accessed on 12 September 2021).
K2CO3 | CaCO3 | KNO3 | Assignments |
---|---|---|---|
142 191 | 154 281 | 137 | T (K, CO3) T (Ca, CO3) B1g (KNO3) |
690 | 712 | 716 | ν4-Asymmetric bending mode |
1063 | 1085 | 1052 | ν1-Symmetric stretching mode |
1407 | 1438 | 1362 1364 | ν3-Asymmetric stretching mode |
1768 | 1755 | ν1 + ν4 |
KClO4 | H2O | 6H2O | Assignments |
---|---|---|---|
463 | 475 452 | 464 | Deformation (ν2 (E)) |
629 | 632 | 623 | Deformation (ν4 (T2)) |
942 | 954 | 936 | Symmetric stretch (ν1 (A1)) |
1125 1088 | 1149 1092 | 1091 | Anti-symmetric stretch (ν3 (T2)) |
7H2O | 7H2O | 2H2O | 4H2O | 18H2O | Assignments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
366 | 140 238 375 | 239 378 | 310 | T (Fe, H2O) T (Mg, H2O) T (Ca, H2O) T (Al, H2O) | |
446 461 | 445 466 | 415 493 | 451 472 | 412 469 529 | ν2(SO4) |
613 | 618 | 621 671 | 597 | 612 | ν4(SO4) |
985 | 977 | 1008 | 1011 1032 | 992 | ν1(SO4) |
1061 1096 1145 | 1101 1139 | 1136 | 1183 | 1087 1127 | ν3(SO4) |
3297 3421 | 3240 3360 3426 | 3407 3495 | 3350 | 3252 | ν(H2O) |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Qu, H.; Ling, Z.; Qi, X.; Xin, Y.; Liu, C.; Cao, H. A Remote Raman System and Its Applications for Planetary Material Studies. Sensors 2021, 21, 6973. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21216973
Qu H, Ling Z, Qi X, Xin Y, Liu C, Cao H. A Remote Raman System and Its Applications for Planetary Material Studies. Sensors. 2021; 21(21):6973. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21216973
Chicago/Turabian StyleQu, Hongkun, Zongcheng Ling, Xiaobin Qi, Yanqing Xin, Changqing Liu, and Haijun Cao. 2021. "A Remote Raman System and Its Applications for Planetary Material Studies" Sensors 21, no. 21: 6973. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21216973