Next Article in Journal
Measurement of Gas-Oil Two-Phase Flow Patterns by Using CNN Algorithm Based on Dual ECT Sensors with Venturi Tube
Next Article in Special Issue
An Adaptive Face Tracker with Application in Yawning Detection
Previous Article in Journal
Design of Signal Generators Using Active Elements Developed in I3T25 CMOS Technology Single IC Package for Illuminance to Frequency Conversion
Previous Article in Special Issue
The Design of CNN Architectures for Optimal Six Basic Emotion Classification Using Multiple Physiological Signals
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Sensors
Volume 20
Issue 4
10.3390/s20041199
sensors-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Differences in Facial Expressions between Spontaneous and Posed Smiles: Automated Method by Action Units and Three-Dimensional Facial Landmarks

by
Seho Park
1,2,3,†,
Kunyoung Lee
4,†,
Jae-A Lim
3,
Hyunwoong Ko
1,2,3,
Taehoon Kim
5,
Jung-In Lee
5,
Hakrim Kim
5,
Seong-Jae Han
5,
Jeong-Shim Kim
3,
Soowon Park
6,
Jun-Young Lee
3,* and
Eui Chul Lee
7,*
1
Interdisciplinary Program in Cognitive Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
2
Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, School of Dentistry, Seoul 08826, Korea
3
Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine & SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
4
Department of Computer Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea
5
Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
6
Department of Education, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
7
Department of Human Centered Artificial Intelligence, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Sensors 2020, 20(4), 1199; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041199
Submission received: 15 January 2020 / Revised: 20 February 2020 / Accepted: 20 February 2020 / Published: 21 February 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensor Applications on Emotion Recognition)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

Research on emotion recognition from facial expressions has found evidence of different muscle movements between genuine and posed smiles. To further confirm discrete movement intensities of each facial segment, we explored differences in facial expressions between spontaneous and posed smiles with three-dimensional facial landmarks. Advanced machine analysis was adopted to measure changes in the dynamics of 68 segmented facial regions. A total of 57 normal adults (19 men, 38 women) who displayed adequate posed and spontaneous facial expressions for happiness were included in the analyses. The results indicate that spontaneous smiles have higher intensities for upper face than lower face. On the other hand, posed smiles showed higher intensities in the lower part of the face. Furthermore, the 3D facial landmark technique revealed that the left eyebrow displayed stronger intensity during spontaneous smiles than the right eyebrow. These findings suggest a potential application of landmark based emotion recognition that spontaneous smiles can be distinguished from posed smiles via measuring relative intensities between the upper and lower face with a focus on left-sided asymmetry in the upper region.
Keywords: emotion; facial recognition; facial asymmetry; three-dimensional analysis emotion; facial recognition; facial asymmetry; three-dimensional analysis

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Park, S.; Lee, K.; Lim, J.-A.; Ko, H.; Kim, T.; Lee, J.-I.; Kim, H.; Han, S.-J.; Kim, J.-S.; Park, S.; et al. Differences in Facial Expressions between Spontaneous and Posed Smiles: Automated Method by Action Units and Three-Dimensional Facial Landmarks. Sensors 2020, 20, 1199. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041199

AMA Style

Park S, Lee K, Lim J-A, Ko H, Kim T, Lee J-I, Kim H, Han S-J, Kim J-S, Park S, et al. Differences in Facial Expressions between Spontaneous and Posed Smiles: Automated Method by Action Units and Three-Dimensional Facial Landmarks. Sensors. 2020; 20(4):1199. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041199

Chicago/Turabian Style

Park, Seho, Kunyoung Lee, Jae-A Lim, Hyunwoong Ko, Taehoon Kim, Jung-In Lee, Hakrim Kim, Seong-Jae Han, Jeong-Shim Kim, Soowon Park, and et al. 2020. "Differences in Facial Expressions between Spontaneous and Posed Smiles: Automated Method by Action Units and Three-Dimensional Facial Landmarks" Sensors 20, no. 4: 1199. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041199

APA Style

Park, S., Lee, K., Lim, J.-A., Ko, H., Kim, T., Lee, J.-I., Kim, H., Han, S.-J., Kim, J.-S., Park, S., Lee, J.-Y., & Lee, E. C. (2020). Differences in Facial Expressions between Spontaneous and Posed Smiles: Automated Method by Action Units and Three-Dimensional Facial Landmarks. Sensors, 20(4), 1199. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041199

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop