Energy Efficient Range-Free Localization Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- A range-free, energy-efficient, novel Distance Vector-Hop (DV-Hop) localization algorithm is proposed to accomplish precise localization and energy efficiency.
- The neighbor nodes of beacon nodes are discovered using two additional Nearest Neighbor ReQuest Tone (NNReQT) and Nearest Neighbor RePly Tone (NNRePT) packets over the media access control (MAC) layer to reduce collisions during transmission.
- Further, one-hop neighbor nodes are distributed in two parts to reduce energy consumption, for instance: nodes with direct communication, and with indirect communication.
- The beacon nodes are selected as common nodes for indirect communication between unknown nodes and beacon nodes to reduced energy consumption.
- Finally, the localization errors are reduced using a correction factor and localized unknown nodes are upgraded into helper nodes for accurate localization.
2. Present State of Research and Research Gaps
3. Proposed Network Model
3.1. Anisotropic Network Model
3.2. Proposed Algorithm
4. Performance Evaluation
- Localization error (LE): LE error is defined as the difference between the estimated and actual position of unknown node u and it is computed as follows:
- Average localization error (ALE): ALE is defined as the ratio of the sum of localization error to the total number of unknown nodes and it is computed as follows:
- The proportion of placed sensor nodes (PPSN): PPSN is defined as the ratio of number of placed sensor nodes to the total number of unknown nodes. When localization error of any particular node is less than , that is called placed node otherwise unplaced node described as following:
- The proportion of unplaced sensor nodes (PUSN): PUSN is the ratio of number of unplaced sensor nodes () to a total number of placed nodes and unplaced nodes are those nodes whose locations are not discovered after the localization process. PUSN is expressed as follows:
- Transmission range: In the proposed algorithm, the transmission range of each algorithm is considered variable and varies from minimum to maximum range. The transmission range () is computed as follows:
Simulated Results
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Location of the Neighbor Node | Indirect Transmission Cost | Common Node Id | Direct Transmission Cost | Status | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | _ | 0.3 J | _ | 0.3 J | 0 |
Location of the Neighbor Node | Indirect Transmission Cost | Common Node | Direct Transmission Cost | Status | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | _ | 0.73 J | _ | 0.73 J | 0 |
2 | _ | 0.54 J | _ | 0.54 J | 0 |
3 | _ | 0.9 J | _ | 0.9 J | 0 |
4 | _ | 0.82 J | _ | 0.82 J | 0 |
5 | _ | 0.91 J | _ | 0.91 J | 0 |
B3 | (51, 42) | 0.41 J | _ | 0.41 J | 0 |
B4 | (35, 82) | 0.24 J | _ | 0.24 J | 0 |
Location of the Neighbor Node | Indirect Transmission Cost | Common Node | Direct Transmission Cost | Status | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | _ | 0.73 J | _ | 0.73 J | 0 |
2 | _ | 0.54 J | _ | 0.54 J | 0 |
3 | _ | 0.8 J | B3 | 0.9 J | 1 |
4 | _ | 0.75 J | B4 | 0.82 J | 1 |
5 | _ | 0.91 J | _ | 0.91 J | 0 |
B3 | (51, 42) | 0.51 J | _ | 0.51 J | 0 |
B4 | (35, 82) | 0.24 J | _ | 0.24 J | 0 |
Simulation Parameters | Value | Simulation Parameters | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Border length | 100 × to 500 × | MAC protocol | 802.11 b |
Total nodes | 100–200 | Initial energy | 5 J |
Beacon nodes | 10 to 40% | Size of packets | 512 bytes |
Transmission range R | 15–45 m | Maximum iterations | 200 |
Network topology | Random | Network connectivity | 2–15 |
DOI | 0–0.3 | Simulation time | 400 s |
Algorithm | Maximum Error | Minimum Error | ALE |
---|---|---|---|
Basic DV-Hop [34] | 35.144 | 9.224 | 19.47 |
EDV-Hop [45] | 24.971 | 4.623 | 11.25 |
IDV-Hop [46] | 30.312 | 7.0014 | 14.04 |
ADV-Hop TLBO [53] | 16.308 | 0.735 | 7.3104 |
Proposed algorithm | 10.304 | 0.1341 | 4.45 |
Algorithm | Performance Evaluation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Localization Accuracy (%) | Average Residual Energy (%) | Transmission Range | MAC Incorporation | Network Type | An-isotropic Network | Packet Broadcasting | |
Basic DV-Hop [34] | 80.53 | 82.56 | Fixed | No | Homogenous | No | Whole network |
IDV-Hop [46] | 85.96 | 79.62 | Fixed | No | Homogenous | No | Whole network |
ADV-Hop TLBO [53] | 92.68 | 76.34 | Fixed | No | Homogenous | Yes | Whole network |
EDV-Hop [45] | 88.75 | 78.37 | Fixed | No | Homogenous | No | Whole network |
Proposed Algorithm | 95.55 | 85.75 | Variable | Yes | Heterogeneous | Yes | Within one-hop |
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Goyat, R.; Rai, M.K.; Kumar, G.; Saha, R.; Kim, T.-H. Energy Efficient Range-Free Localization Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors 2019, 19, 3603. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19163603
Goyat R, Rai MK, Kumar G, Saha R, Kim T-H. Energy Efficient Range-Free Localization Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors. 2019; 19(16):3603. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19163603
Chicago/Turabian StyleGoyat, Rekha, Mritunjay Kumar Rai, Gulshan Kumar, Rahul Saha, and Tai-Hoon Kim. 2019. "Energy Efficient Range-Free Localization Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks" Sensors 19, no. 16: 3603. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19163603
APA StyleGoyat, R., Rai, M. K., Kumar, G., Saha, R., & Kim, T.-H. (2019). Energy Efficient Range-Free Localization Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors, 19(16), 3603. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19163603