A Computational Architecture Based on RFID Sensors for Traceability in Smart Cities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Population Track and Trace Issues
2.1. Problem Definition
2.2. Literature Survey
Work | Main Application | Working Environment | Tag Deployment | Reader Deployment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indoors | Outdoors | ||||
RFID enabled supply chains [11,12,13,14] | Traceability services | X | X | Passive tags embedded into objects | Fixed or mobile readers. Along supply chain |
RFID delivery system [15] | Intelligent Transport Systems | X | Passive tags embedded into objects | Fixed or mobile readers. Along delivery system. | |
RTSV [43] | Tracking System for Vehicles | X | Passive tags installed on cars | Distributed throughout the city. | |
The London Oyster Card Data [40] | Public transport planning | X | X | Passive tags Inside transport cards | Installed on entries and exits of transport system. |
iWalker [44] | Assistance services of location and obstacle detection | X | Placed anywhere in the environment | Embedded into walkers | |
Tracking science museum [42] | People Traceability | X | Passive tags on nameplates carried by users | Distributed throughout the floor | |
SIP-RLTS [45] | Location Tracking System | X | Passive tags carried by users (patients) | Readers carried by workers (medical) | |
LANDMARC [41,46] | Indoor location sensing | X | Active tags on grid array deployment | Distributed throughout the environment | |
Blind User [47] | Location and Proximity Sensing | X | X | Passive tags; Indoor: Grid array deployment over floor; Outdoor: Along edge of the sidewalk. | Readers carried by users |
Pervasive mining [48] | Tracking people in a pervasive mining environment. | X | Passive tags carried by users | Distributed throughout the environment | |
Privacy-Preserving Solution [49] | Tracking People in Critical Environments | X | X | Passive tags carried by users | Distributed throughout the environment |
Social interaction [50] | Person tracking | X | Passive tags carried by users | Distributed throughout the environment | |
Cameras and RFID [51,52] | Tracking and identification people | X | Passive tags carried by users | Distributed throughout the environment | |
RFID Inside [53] | Tracking and identification people | X | X | Passive tags inserted in users | Readers carried by workers (medical, security, etc.) |
Tagging Demented Patients [54] | Tracking and identification people | X | Passive tags carried by users | Readers carried by workers (medical) | |
WSN and RFID [55] | Person tracking | X | Passive tags installed on objects or people | Distributed throughout the environment | |
Elderly Living Alone [56] | Person tracking | X | Passive tags carried by users | Distributed throughout the environment | |
Peer-to-Peer Networks [57] | Location Tracking System | X | Active tags carried by users | Distributed throughout the environment | |
REACT [58] | Children location | X | Passive tags carried by children | Distributed throughout the environment |
3. Research Methodology
3.1. Method for Citizens’ Location Acquisition
3.1.1. Identification and Analysis of Localization Technologies
Technology | GPS | RFID/NFC | Wireless Networks |
---|---|---|---|
Main architecture | Triangulation positioning by satellite. | Set of antennas or readers and receivers. | Set of antennas or readers and receivers. |
Communication | The user receiver obtains the signal from satellites and calculates the position. | Readers inspect receivers to determine whether they are present. | Receivers report that they are present. |
Operating frequency | 1100 MHz to 1600 MHz | Active: 455 MHz, 2.45 GHz, 5.8 GHz; Passive: 128 KHz, 13.6 MHz, 915 MHz, 2.45 GHz | Wi-Fi: 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz; WiMax: 2.3 GHz, 3.5 GHz; Cellular mobile: 800 MHz, 1900 MHz, others. |
Cover | Worldwide; Outdoor environment | Depending on antenna network deployed. Outdoor and indoor environments | Depending on antenna network deployed. Outdoor and indoor environments. |
Range | Worldwide | Active: ~100 m; Passive: 0 to few meters | Wi-Fi: 30 to 100 m WiMax: ~50 km; Cellular mobile: ~35 km |
Power consumption | Very high | Passive tags receiver: Very low. | Very high |
Deployment Costs | Satellites: Already deployed and free to use; Present in mobile devices | Need to deploy readers network. Present in mobile devices and other everyday user accessories. | Need to deploy antenna network. Present in mobile devices and other user accessories. |
Localization | Receiver position. | Antenna position. | Antenna position. |
Transparency and Anonymity | Low | High | Low |
Usual application | Navigation, topography, land levelling, etc. | Identification, access control, payment, etc. | Internet access and communication services. |
3.1.2. Location Infrastructure Design
3.2. Method for Communication and Structuring of Citizens’ Location
3.2.1. Design of RFID Smart Sensor Network
3.2.2. Design of Acquisition Location Service
3.2.3. Structuring the Citizen Movement Flow
- •
- rfss (lo, la) represents the location of the RFID Smart Sensor determined by its longitude and latitude, which will allow us to know the position of the citizen on the map.
- •
- cid represents the radio-frequency identification which is carried by the citizens and which allows us to identify them in a unique and anonymous way.
- •
- pw it is the power of a certain card reading signal which will allow us to know the proximity to the RFID Smart Sensor antenna. Based on this, the information on the RFID Smart Sensor will be preprocessed in order to eliminate redundant locations with no added value which belong to the same user and will help determine possible directions of a citizen or trajectory changes with the data from other neighbouring RFID Smart sensor.
- •
- ts it is the moment in time in which the RFID tag reading took place.
- •
- RFSSN represents the set of RFID Smart Sensors that make up the sensor network.
- •
- RFSSk is a specific sensor defined by its unique identifier (idk), its position, determined by the longitude (lok) and latitude (lak), and the set of its neighbouring smart sensors (Nk), which in turn will be a subset of the network (note that the geographical-neighbours of a sensor could not match with its real neighbours due to insurmountable obstacles or habits of movement of citizens).
3.3. Method for Provisioning Citizen Flow
4. Implementation and Validation
4.1. Implementation
4.2. Case Study
Research Work | Main Functionality | Transparency & Anonymity | Working Environments | Reliability | Energy Consumption | Scalability |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proposed architecture | Track & trace | Yes. No user interaction & Independency of RFID tags | Indoor & outdoor | Yes | No (passive tags) | Yes. (Distributed and decoupled approach) |
GPS proposals [27,28,29,30] | Track & trace | No. User interaction | Outdoor | No | High | No |
Wi-Fi proposals [16,34] | Track | No. User interaction | Indoor & outdoor | No | High | No |
CCTV | Surveillance | No. Surveillance cameras | Indoor & outdoor | No | High | Yes |
Science museum [42] | Track & trace | No. User/Object interaction & Dependency of own RFID tags | Indoor | No | No (passive tags) | No |
Oyster Card [40] | Track & trace | No. Dependency of own RFID tags | Indoor & outdoor | No | No (passive tags) | No |
Blind/inside RFID [47,53] | Track | No. User interaction & Dependency of own RFID tags | Indoor & outdoor | No | No (passive tags) | No |
REACT [58] | Track | No. User/Object interaction & Dependency of own RFID tags | Outdoor | No | No (passive tags) | Yes |
LANDMARC [41,46] | Track | No. User/Object interaction & Dependency of own RFID tags | Indoor | No | Yes (active tags) | No |
Peer-to-Peer Networks [57] | Track | No. User/Object interaction & Dependency of own RFID tags | Indoor | No | Yes (active tags) | Yes |
iWalker [44] | Track | No. User/Object interaction & Dependency of own RFID tags | Indoor | No | No (passive tags) | No |
Other [45,48,50,51,52,54,55,56] | Track | No. User/Object interaction & Dependency of own RFID tags | Indoor | No | No (passive tags) | In controlled env. only [45,55] |
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mora-Mora, H.; Gilart-Iglesias, V.; Gil, D.; Sirvent-Llamas, A. A Computational Architecture Based on RFID Sensors for Traceability in Smart Cities. Sensors 2015, 15, 13591-13626. https://doi.org/10.3390/s150613591
Mora-Mora H, Gilart-Iglesias V, Gil D, Sirvent-Llamas A. A Computational Architecture Based on RFID Sensors for Traceability in Smart Cities. Sensors. 2015; 15(6):13591-13626. https://doi.org/10.3390/s150613591
Chicago/Turabian StyleMora-Mora, Higinio, Virgilio Gilart-Iglesias, David Gil, and Alejandro Sirvent-Llamas. 2015. "A Computational Architecture Based on RFID Sensors for Traceability in Smart Cities" Sensors 15, no. 6: 13591-13626. https://doi.org/10.3390/s150613591
APA StyleMora-Mora, H., Gilart-Iglesias, V., Gil, D., & Sirvent-Llamas, A. (2015). A Computational Architecture Based on RFID Sensors for Traceability in Smart Cities. Sensors, 15(6), 13591-13626. https://doi.org/10.3390/s150613591