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Article

Semicryptic Diversity around Chaetoceros elegans (Bacillariophyta, Mediophyceae), and the Description of Two New Species

by
Xiumei Chen
1,
Zuoyi Chen
1,2,
Nina Lundholm
3,
Sing Tung Teng
4,
Xiaojing Xu
1 and
Yang Li
1,*
1
Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
2
The Eighth Geological Brigade, Hebei Geological Prospecting Bureau, Qinhuangdao 066001, China
3
Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
4
Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan 94300, Malaysia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diversity 2022, 14(8), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14080676
Submission received: 8 July 2022 / Revised: 16 August 2022 / Accepted: 16 August 2022 / Published: 18 August 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity and Ecology of Algae in China)
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Abstract

:
The globally distributed Chaetoceros elegans belongs to the Chaetoceros lorenzianus (C. lorenzianus) complex and is characterized by having tear-shaped setae poroids. Several strains of C. elegans were established from Chinese coastal waters. The vegetative cells and the resting spores were observed using light and electron microscopy. Phylogenetic analyses of two nuclear ribosomal RNA genes (SSU and the D1–D3 region of LSU) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) revealed that the C. elegans strains clustered into three clades, corresponding to different morphotypes. Based on the type material, the delineation of C. elegans was amended, and two new taxa, (Chaetoceros macroelegans) C. macroelegans sp. nov. and (Chaetoceros densoelegans) C. densoelegans sp. nov., were described. The two new taxa are featured by the presence of two types of setae poroids, tear-shaped and round-oval setae poroids, whereas only tear-shaped setae poroids are seen in C. elegans. The setae base is distinct in C. elegans, but absent or short in the two new taxa. In C. macroelegans, the tear-shaped poroids on the intercalary setae are larger and less densely spaced than in the other two species. The round-oval setae poroids are more densely spaced in C. densoelegans than in C. macroelegans, although they have more or less the same size. Resting spores characterize the two new taxa, but are unknown in the amended C. elegans. When comparing the ITS2 secondary structure, two and four compensatory base changes (CBCs) distinguish C. elegans from C. macroelegans and C. densoelegans, respectively. Between the two new taxa, no CBC but five hemi-CBCs (HCBCs) are present. The shape, size and density of the setae poroids, as well as the morphology of the resting spores, are important characteristics for species identification among the presently nine known species within the C. lorenzianus complex.

1. Introduction

Chaetoceros is one of the most diverse marine planktonic diatom genera, with more than 500 species and infraspecies recorded, and over 200 considered as taxonomically accepted species [1]. Species recognition is normally difficult because a number of the species have been described based on light microscopy only. The delineation of several commonly recorded species has been amended—for example, C. socialis [2], C. compressus and C. contortus [3], C. debilis [4]—and new species have also been described [5,6,7,8,9,10].
Recently, the section Dicladia, also called the C. lorenzianus complex, was explored, and the delineations of C. decipiens, C. mitra and C. lorenzianus were amended and four new species were described [11,12]. Chaetoceros elegans, one of the four new taxa, was characterized by tear-shaped setae poroids, a distinct seta base and the primary valve of resting spores having two elongated elevations with dichotomously branching processes [11]. Presently, C. elegans has been shown to have a wide global distribution comprising the type locality in the South China Sea, several coastal localities in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea, as well as coastal waters of Thailand, Canada (New Brunswick) and Chile [11,13]. However, differences in the shape of the setae poroids and the presence or absence of a seta base were observed among different strains of C. elegans [11]. Shortly afterwards, molecular divergences were found in the analyses inferred from the LSU and SSU rRNA genes [13,14].
In order to clarify whether the morphological and molecular variations comprise so far hidden taxonomic information regarding the delineation of C. elegans and related diversity, monoclonal strains belonging to C. elegans sensu lato were established. Based on a combination of the morphological features of vegetative cells and resting spores, phylogenetic analyses of nuclear genes and comparisons of the ITS2 secondary structure, the description of C. elegans was amended and two new taxa were discovered.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Strain Isolates and Maintenance

By hauling a nylon net (10 μm mesh size) horizontally, plankton samples were obtained in several localities along the Chinese shoreline (Table 1). Using a glass micropipette, single cells or chains of Chaetoceros similar to the C. lorenzianus complex (described in [11]) were isolated by an inverted light microscope (Nikon TMS, Tokyo, Japan) and transferred to a 48-well cell culture plate (Greiner Bio-One GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany) with each well containing ca. 800 μL L1 medium of the same salinity as the respective sampling locality [15]. The plate was incubated in a 12:12 light:dark (L:D) cycle at 20 ± 2 °C. When the cell abundance reached >100 cells (manually counted), the strains were shifted to glass flasks and numbered as marine collection (MC) series.
Induction of resting spore formation was attempted at least three times for each strain by inoculation into L1 medium prepared without nitrate. The remaining culture conditions were the same as above.

2.2. Morphological Observations

Light microscopical (LM) observations were conducted by an Olympus BX53 light microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) with an Olympus DP27 camera. Preparation of the diatom frustules followed [11]. For transmission electron microscopy (TEM), acid-cleaned frustules were placed on copper grids, air-dried and observed using a JEM-1010 TEM (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). For scanning electron microscopy (SEM), acid-cleaned frustules were filtered onto IsoporeTM membrane filters, pore size 3 μm (Merck Millipore Ltd., Cork, Ireland). The filters were attached to stubs and sputter-coated for 100 s with gold–palladium in a Polaron E5000 sputter-coater (Gala, Bad Schwalbach, Germany) before examination in a Zeiss Ultra 55 SEM (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany).
Key morphometric characteristics, such as the size, density and shape of setae poroids, apical and pervalvar axis, height of aperture in pervalvar axis, length of elevation and process on resting spore, were mainly measured on the EM micrographs. The morphometric data followed a normal distribution, and one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni–Holm post hoc tests were performed using Daniel’s XL Toolbox for Excel, version 6.22 [16]. The terminology followed [11,17,18,19,20].

2.3. Phylogenetic Analyses Inferred from Nucleic Genes

DNA extraction followed [21]. For each strain, two nuclear ribosomal RNA-encoding genes (SSU and the D1–D3 domain of LSU) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) were amplified. The primers D1R-F [22] and D3B-R [23] were used for LSU. The primers SSU-F and SSU-R were used to amplify SSU [24], and primers ITS1 and ITS4 were used for ITS [25]. PCR products were purified using the QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), as recommended by the manufacturer, and sent to BGI Corporation (BGI, Guangzhou, China) for sequencing.
Sequences were blasted, and closely related sequences or sequences of related species were downloaded from GenBank. They were included in the alignment together with the sequences of morphologically allied species, if available. The sequences were aligned and edited using BioEdit [26]. Chaetoceros dayaensis was included as an outgroup for the analyses inferred from LSU, SSU and ITS, respectively, based on previous studies [13,14]. The alignments were subjected to Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses. ML analyses were conducted by heuristic searches with 10 random addition replicates and the branch-swapping algorithm (TBR, tree-bisection reconnection), using RAxML v7.2.6 [27] on the T-REX web server [28]. One thousand bootstrap replicates were performed in ML. BI analyses were run using MrBayes 3.2 [29]. The optimal models were selected by MrModeltest 2.3 [30].

2.4. ITS2 Secondary Structure Comparison

The ITS2 transcript of Chaetoceros laevisporus (ON241763, strain MC746) was modeled and used as an outgroup. The command script is available via 4SALE [31,32]. The CBC Analyzer option in 4SALE was used to analyze compensatory base changes (CBCs). The HCBC (hemi-CBC) was analyzed based on the homologous secondary structure of ITS2 by using the structure viewer feature in 4SALE [33].

3. Results

The phylogenetic trees inferred from two nuclear ribosomal encoding genes (SSU and D1–D3 region of LSU) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) showed that the C. elegans strains clustered in three clades corresponding to different morphotypes. When comparing the type description and the type material, one clade was assigned to C. elegans. The other two clades were described as new taxa, C. macroelegans sp. nov. and C. densoelegans sp. nov. Because the description of C. elegans in [11] comprised morphological information of strains MC785 and CH12A1 that we here refer to the two new taxa, the description of C. elegans was amended based on the morphology of the type material (strain YL7) and other strains (MC1048 and MC1051) belonging to the same clade.
In the amended C. elegans, a distinguishing feature is that the intercalary setae extend initially in approximately the direction of the pervalvar axis, before curving and crossing over (Figure 1a,b). This means that the intercalary setae bases are distinct in C. elegans, and therefore the apertures are large and rounded quadrangular–rectangular (Figure 1a,b). The setae poroids are tear-shaped on both intercalary and terminal setae (Figure 1c–f), and never round-oval. The size and density of setae poroids are updated with data only belonging to the amended C. elegans (see below and Table 1). No resting spores were observed in any of the strains that belong to the amended C. elegans. The resting spores described in [11] refer to the two new taxa described below.

3.1. Morphological Description of Three Chaetoceros Species

Chaetoceros elegans Yang Li, Boonprakob, Moestrup & Lundholm emend. Lundholm & Yang Li (Figure 1).
Emended diagnosis: Straight chains, sometimes solitary cells. Usually 4–10 chloroplasts in each cell. Apical axis 9.2–14.7 μm. Pervalvar axis 9.2–16.4 μm. Height of aperture 7.8–12.9 μm. Cells quadrangular in girdle views. Central annulus, radiating costae and scattered poroids on valve face and mantle. Large and rounded, quadrangular–rectangular apertures. Setae Brunel I type. Setae base extending in pervalvar axis. Sibling setae intersect outside chain border. Terminal setae diverge in direction of chain. Four–six-sided setae ornamented by four to six rows of poroids and spines. Tear-shaped setae poroids on both intercalary and terminal setae. A rimoportula on terminal valve. Several bands, each having parallel rows of poroids separated by costae. Resting spores unknown.
Holotype: Glutaraldehyde-fixed material of strain YL7, isolated from Dapeng Bay, deposited at the Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen (C-A92069). Figure 4A–D in Li et al. 2017 illustrate the holotype.
Isotype: Glutaraldehyde-fixed material of strain YL7 deposited at the Marine Diatoms Collection of South China Normal University, China, catalogue number SN F-YL7.
Type locality: Dapeng Bay (22.5933° N, 114.3991° E), South China Sea.
Emended description: The chains are straight and often comprise 4–8 cells (Figure 1a). Usually 4–10 chloroplasts are present in each cell (Figure 1a). Cells are quadrangular in broad girdle views (Figure 1a). The apertures are large and rounded quadrangular–rectangular (Figure 1a,b).
For each chain, all setae are located in the apical plane (Brunel group I) (Figure 1a). The setae protrude from the cell corners and the setae bases are distinct (Figure 1b). Sibling setae form an acute angle and intersect outside the chain border without fusing (Figure 1a,b). The basal parts of the intercalary setae extend initially in the direction of the pervalvar axis, before curving and crossing over (Figure 1a). Four to six rows of poroids and spines are found on the four–six-sided setae (Figure 1c–f). The poroids on both intercalary and terminal setae are tear-shaped, 0.7 ± 0.2 µm in length and 12.0 ± 3.1 poroids in 10 µm on the intercalary setae, and 0.9 ± 0.2 µm in length and 9.4 ± 1.7 poroids in 10 µm on the terminal setae (n > 100) (Table 2).
The valve face edge is broadly arc-shaped and marked by an elevated silica rib (Figure 1b,h). A single rimoportula is situated centrally on the terminal valve (Figure 1h,i), but absent on the intercalary valve (Figure 1j). The valves are elliptical to round-oval (Figure 1j). The valve face is saddle-shaped, with a slightly raised central region (Figure 1b,h). The height of the mantle is nearly one third of the pervalvar axis, and parallel rows of poroids separated by narrow costae are present (Figure 1k). A furrow is seen above the basal ring of the mantle (Figure 1b). On the valve face, costae diverge from a central annulus, with poroids scattered in between (Figure 1l). Several open girdle bands are present, each ornamented with single rows of scattered poroids separated by parallel costae (Figure 1m). The length of the apical axis is 9.2–14.7 μm, the pervalvar axis 9.2–16.4 μm, and the height of the apertures in the pervalvar axis is 7.8–12.9 μm (Table 2).
Resting spores unknown.
Geographical distribution: Dapeng Bay, South China Sea (present study, [11]).
Chaetoceros macroelegans X. M. Chen & Yang Li sp. nov. (Figure 2 and Figure 3).
Diagnosis: Straight chains, sometimes solitary cells. Normally 4–10 chloroplasts in each cell. Apical axis 12.6–39.7 μm. Pervalvar axis 11.3–28.4 μm. Height of aperture 6.3–12.6 μm. Rectangular cells in girdle view. Central annulus, radiating costae and scattered poroids on valve face and mantle. Elliptical–hexagonal apertures. Setae Brunel I type. Short setae base or absent. Sibling setae intersect outside chain border without fusing. Tear-shaped and round-oval poroids on intercalary and terminal setae. Tear-shaped poroids 0.7–2.3 µm long on intercalary setae. Round-oval poroid density of 12–19 in 10 µm on terminal setae, 15–18 in 10 µm on intercalary setae. A single rimoportula with short external tube on the terminal valve. Several girdle bands marked by parallel rows of poroids and costae. Smooth resting spores. Two elongated elevations with dichotomous branching processes on primary valve and one or two bulges on secondary valve.
Holotype: A permanent slide of strain MC785 is deposited at the Natural History Museum of Denmark, as C-A99707.
Isotype: Fixed material of strain MC785 deposited at the Marine Diatoms Collection of South China Normal University, as SN F-MC785, and a permanent slide of acid-washed material at the Natural History Museum of Denmark, as C-A99708.
Type locality: Ningbo coast (29.8636° N, 121.5611° E), East China Sea.
Etymology: macro refers the size of the tear-shaped poroids being larger on the intercalary setae than those in the two other species, and elegans refers the elegant outline of the chains, resembling the characteristics of C. elegans.
Registration: http://phycobank.org/103181.
Morphology: The chains are straight (Figure 2a), and solitary cells may occur (Figure 2b). Sometimes, non-silicified protrusions are visible centrally on the terminal valve in LM (Figure 2a, arrow); however, they disappear after acid cleaning. The cells are rectangular in broad girdle view, and the apical axis is usually longer than the pervalvar axis (Figure 2a,b). The apertures are elliptical to hexagonal (Figure 2a), with slight constriction near the middle (Figure 2c).
The setae protrude from the valve corners, with short or no setae base (Figure 2a,c). All setae of a chain are located in the apical plane (Figure 2a,i, Brunel type I, [34]). In broad girdle view, the sibling setae form an acute angle and intersect outside the chain border (Figure 2c). The terminal setae form an open U shape (Figure 2a). The setae poroids, which are visible in LM (Figure 2d), usually form four or six longitudinal rows of poroids and spines arranged alternatingly (Figure 2e–h). The poroids are tear-shaped or round-oval on the terminal (Figure 2e,f) and intercalary setae (Figure 2g,h). Only one type of poroid can be observed on each seta, and there is no evident system determining which setae have tear-shaped or oval poroids. On the terminal setae, the tear-shaped poroids are 0.5–1.3 µm long with 11.0 ± 2.2 poroids in 10 µm, and the round-oval poroids are 0.4–0.6 µm long with 15.8 ± 2.3 poroids in 10 µm. On the intercalary setae, the tear-shaped poroids are 0.7–2.3 µm long with 7.9 ± 1.7 poroids in 10 µm, and the round-oval poroids are 0.4–0.5 µm long with 17.1 ± 1.2 in 10 µm (Table 2).
The valves are broadly elliptical (Figure 2i,j). The valve face is saddle-shaped, with a slightly raised central region (Figure 2c). On the valve face, a central annulus is surrounded by radiating costae with scattered poroids in between (Figure 2k). A single rimoportula with a short external tube is located centrally on the terminal valve (Figure 2j). On the intercalary valves, sibling cells show overlapping silica ear-like structures (Figure 2c) and a furrow is present above the basal ring of the mantle (Figure 2c). The mantle is decorated by parallel rows of poroids separated by costae (Figure 2l). Several open girdle bands are present, each band having parallel rows of poroids, which are separated by costae (Figure 2m). The apical axis is 12.6–39.7 μm, the pervalvar axis 11.3–28.4 μm, and the height of the apertures is 6.3–12.6 μm (Table 2).
The resting spores are formed centrally in the mother cells, touching the bands and sometimes the valves of the mother cell (Figure 3a,b). Valve surfaces are smooth. The primary valve possess two elongated elevations with dichotomous branching processes, and one or two bulges are present on the secondary valve face (Figure 3c,d). The angle of the outer slope of the elevation is acute. There is a ring of poroids on the mantle of the secondary valve (Figure 3e). Each process branches into a tree-like structure, with the distal tips pointed and possessing one or several hooks (Figure 3f). The elevations are 4.4–10.3 μm high, and the branching processes are 9.5–14.9 μm high (Table 2).
Geographical distribution: In the present study, it was sampled from the coastal waters off Hong Kong, Jiangmen, Zhuhai and Zhanjiang of the South China Sea, Ningbo of the East China Sea and Qingdao of the Yellow Sea (Table 1). This species has also been recorded as C. elegans in Guishan Island of the South China Sea (MC150 and MC153, [11]), New Brunswick, Canada (UNBF, [11]), Mannai Island in Thailand (M1, [11]), Xiamen of the East China Sea (MC1195, [35]) and the Taiwan Strait of the East China Sea (MC1166, [35]).
Chaetocerosdensoelegans Lundholm & Yang Li sp. nov. (Figure 4 and Figure 5).
Diagnosis: Straight chains, sometimes solitary cells. Apical axis 25.0–26.5 μm. Pervalvar axis 9.4–15.8 μm. Aperture in pervalvar axis 8.3–14.5 μm. Central annulus, radiating costae and scattered poroids on valve face and mantle. Elliptical–hexagonal apertures. Setae Brunel I type. Short setae base or absent. Sibling setae intersect outside chain border without fusing. Tear-shaped and round-oval setae poroids on intercalary and terminal setae. Tear-shaped poroids 0.6–0.9 µm long in intercalary setae. Round-oval poroid density of 15–27 in 10 µm in terminal setae, 13–27 in 10 µm in intercalary setae. A rimoportula, with short external process on the terminal valve. Several girdle bands decorated by parallel rows of poroids and costae. Smooth resting spores. Two elongated elevations with dichotomous branching processes on primary valve and one or two bulges on secondary valve.
Holotype: A permanent slide of strain MC687 is deposited at the Natural History Museum of Denmark, as C-A99705.
Isotype: Fixed material of strain MC687 deposited at the Marine Diatoms Collection of South China Normal University, as SN F-MC687, and a permanent slide deposited at the Natural History Museum of Denmark, as C-A99706.
Type locality: Hong Kong (22.3520° N, 114.1139° E), South China Sea.
Etymology: denso refers to more densely spaced round-oval poroids on particularly the terminal setae than those in C. macroelegans, and elegans refers to the elegant outline of the chains, resembling the characteristics of C. elegans.
Registration: http://phycobank.org/103182.
Morphology: The chains are straight (Figure 4a), and sometimes solitary cells may occur (Figure 4b). The cells are rectangular in broad girdle view, and the apical axis is usually longer than the pervalvar axis (Figure 4a). The apertures are elliptical to hexagonal (Figure 4a,c).
The setae protrude from the valve corners, with a short or no setae base (Figure 4a,b). All setae of a chain are situated in the apical plane (Figure 4a, Brunel group I, [34]). In broad girdle view, the sibling setae form an acute angle and intersect outside the chain margin (Figure 4c). The terminal setae form a broad U shape (Figure 4a). The setae poroids are visible in LM (Figure 4d), and both tear-shaped and round-oval setae poroids are observed on the intercalary and terminal setae (Figure 4e–h). Only one type of poroid can be observed on each seta, and there is no evident system determining which setae have tear-shaped or oval poroids. On the terminal setae, the tear-shaped poroids are 0.5–0.7 µm long with 12.3 ± 2.7 poroids in 10 µm, and round-oval poroids are 0.2–0.5 µm long with 19.5 ± 3.1 poroids in 10 µm. On the intercalary setae, tear-shaped poroids are 0.6–0.9 µm long with 11.2 ± 2.1 poroids in 10 µm, and round-oval poroids are 0.3–0.5 µm long with 20.0 ± 4.2 poroids in 10 µm (Table 2).
The valves are broadly round-oval with a central external rimoportula process (Figure 4i). The valve face edge is broadly arc-shaped (Figure 4j) and a furrow is present above the basal ring of the mantle (Figure 4j). A central annulus, surrounded by radiating costae with scattered poroids in between, is present on the valve face (Figure 4k). The mantle is decorated by parallel rows of scattered poroids separated by costae (Figure 4l). Several open girdle bands are present, each ornamented by parallel rows of scattered poroids and costae (Figure 4m). The apical axis is 25.0–26.5 μm, the pervalvar axis 9.4–15.8 μm, and the height of the aperture is 8.3–14.5 μm (Table 2).
The resting spores are located centrally in the mother cells, touching the bands and sometimes the valves of the mother cell (Figure 5a,b). The surface of the resting spore is smooth. The primary valve possesses two elongated elevations with dichotomous branching processes, and one or two bulges are present on the secondary valve face (Figure 5c,d). Each process branches into a tree-like structure, with the distal tips pointed and possessing one or several hooks (Figure 5e,f). The elevations are 6.0–9.6 μm high, and the branching processes are 9.6–16.3 μm high (Table 2).
Geographical distribution: This species has been recorded as C. elegans in Concepción, Chile (strain Ch12A1) and Hong Kong [11].

3.2. Phylogenetic Analyses

In total, nine separate species are now known in the section Dicladia and, except for C. lorenzianus, for which verified molecular sequence data have been not recovered yet, all taxa in the section were included in the phylogenetic analyses. Similar tree topologies were inferred by the phylogenetic analyses of SSU and LSU rRNA and ITS gene sequences. Chaetoceros laevisporus and C. mitra made up the basal lineages in the section Dicladia, and C. pauciramosus appeared as a sister to a clade comprising C. elegans, C. macroelegans and C. densoelegans (Figure 6, Figure 7 and Figure 8). The relationships among the three latter taxa varied slightly.
In the ITS tree (Figure 6), C. macroelegans and C. densoelegans were sister taxa and together they clustered with C. elegans in a well-supported clade (BI/ML, 1.00/89). No molecular divergences were found in C. densoelegans and C. elegans because all sequences of each species were identical, whereas 1–5 different base pairs differed among the strains of C. macroelegans. There were 38–41 different base pairs between C. macroelegans and densoelegans, whereas 52–56 and 56 base pairs differentiated C. elegans and C. macroelegans, C. C. densoelegans, respectively (Table S1).
In the SSU (Figure 7) and LSU analyses (Figure 8), C. elegans, C. macroelegans and C. densoelegans always clustered together, but the relationships differed slightly. In the SSU analyses (Figure 7), C. macroelegans was a sister taxon to C. elegans but not well supported. Meanwhile, in the LSU tree (Figure 8), C. densoelegans was sister to C. elegans, also not well supported. In the SSU analyses, two strains (MC777, MC785) made up a subclade in C. macroelegans, differing in one base pair from the remaining strains, whereas for C. densoelegans and C. elegans, the SSU sequences within each species were identical. In the LSU analyses, the sequences within each of the three species were identical. The number of base pair differences among the three taxa can be found in Tables S2 and S3.

3.3. CBC and HCBC Analyses

The ITS2 secondary structure of C. elegans included, as for other eukaryotes, four helices, with helix III as the longest, a universally conserved U-U mismatch (positions 94–95) in helix II and UGGU (positions 210–213) at the apex of helix III (Figure 9, [32]). When comparing the secondary structure of ITS2, C. elegans and C. macroelegans were distinguished by two CBCs and seven HCBCs (Figure 9), two CBCs in helix II (C-G:U-A, A-U:G-C), six HCBCs in helix III (A-U:G-U, G-U:A-U, G-U:G-C, G-C:G-U, U-G:U-A, U-A:U-G) and one HCBC in helix IV(U-G:C-G). There were four CBCs and eight HCBCs between C. elegans and C. densoelegans (Figure 9), two CBCs in helix II (C-G:U:A, A-U:G-C), one CBC (G-C:A-U) in helix III and one CBC (A-U:U-A) in helix IV, as well as one HCBC in helix IIa (G-U:A-U), six HCBCs (G-C:G-U, A-U:G-U, G-U:A-U, G-U:G-C, U-A:U-G, G-U:A-U) in helix III and one HCBC (U-G:C-G) in helix IV. Between C. macroelegans and C. densoelegans, no CBC but five HCBCs were found (Figure 9), one HCBC in helix IIa (G-U:A-U) and four HCBCs in helix III (G-C:G-U, G-U:A-U, U-A:U-G, G-U:A-U).

4. Discussion

4.1. Taxonomic Positions of the New Taxa

All taxa in the section Dicladia, also known as the C. lorenzianus complex, formed a monophyletic lineage inferred from the three ribosomal genes used in the present study, confirming a recent validation of the section by a five multigene phylogeny [13]. The section has been characterized as having (1) straight chains with stiff setae, (2) normally 4–10 chloroplasts per cell, (3) setae with large poroids, (4) similar intercalary setae and diverging terminal setae, (5) resting spores, when known, with two elevations armed with small branches on the primary valves [11,12]. In agreement with these morphological characteristics, C. macroelegans and C. densoelegans belong to the section Dicladia, which was also supported by the phylogenetic analyses (Figure 6, Figure 7 and Figure 8).
Phylogenetically, the two new taxa always clustered in separate monophyletic clades, and always together with C. elegans in a larger common clade. At least two CBCs of the ITS2 secondary structure differentiated C. elegans from both C. macroelegans and C. densoelegans (Figure 9). Morphologically, the three taxa are similar, but smaller differences are seen in the basal parts of the setae and the shape, size and density of the setae poroids (see below). Based on the molecular and morphological differences, and supported by the presence of five HCBCs between C. macroelegans and C. densoelegans, two new taxa are described. Hence, the section Dicladia now comprises nine separate species.

4.2. Detailed Comparison of the Three Taxa

The three taxa, C. elegans, C. macroelegans and C. densoelegans, differ only in a few morphological characteristics. The presence of tear-shaped setae poroids has so far only been found in these three species in the C. lorenzianus complex. In C. elegans, only tear-shaped setae poroids were observed (Figure 1c–f), whereas both tear-shaped and round-oval setae poroids were seen in C. macroelegans and C. densoelegans (Figure 2e–h and Figure 4e–h, respectively). In C. elegans, the tear-shaped poroids on the terminal setae were slightly larger (0.9 ± 0.2 µm vs. 0.7 ± 0.2 µm) and less densely spaced (9.4 ± 1.7 vs. 12.0 ± 3.1 in 10 µm) than those on the intercalary setae. In contrast, in C. macroelegans, the terminal setae possessed smaller and denser tear-shaped poroids (0.7 ± 0.2 µm, 11.0 ± 2.2 in 10 µm) than the intercalary setae (1.2 ± 0.3 µm, 7.9 ± 1.7 in 10 µm), whereas the size and density of the round-oval poroids were similar on both terminal and intercalary setae. Similar characteristics were seen in C. densoelegans (Table 2 and Table S4). Differentiating the two new species, the tear-shaped poroids on the intercalary setae were smaller in size and arranged with a higher density in C. densoelegans than in C. macroelegans. Finally, the density of the oval-round poroids was higher in C. densoelegans than in C. macroelegans, particularly on the terminal setae. Apart from the setae poroids, the setae base was distinct in C. elegans and the apertures were large and rounded quadrangular (Figure 1a,b), whereas the setae base was short or absent and the apertures were usually elliptical to rectangular in the other two taxa (Figure 2a,c and Figure 4a,c).
Resting spores are considered one of the key characteristics in the taxonomy of Chaetoceros [36]. In the present study, resting spores with two elongated elevations armed with complicated branches on the primary valves were found in C. macroelegans and C. densoelegans, whereas resting spores are still unknown in C. elegans. The resting spores reported in [11] (loc. cit. Figure 7a–f) do not characterize C. elegans, but belong to C. macroelegans and C. densoelegans, as the strains (MC785 and Ch12A1) were re-identified. For more morphological comparisons among the three species, see Table 2. The morphological differences between the three taxa are supported by molecular data. When comparing the ITS2 secondary structure, C. macroelegans and C. densoelegans differed from C. elegans by having two CBCs and four CBCs, or seven HCBCs and eight HCBCs, respectively (Figure 7), whereas the two new taxa only differed by five HCBCs and no CBC. Similarly, closely related species of morphologically more distinctly different diatom species have previously been differentiated by HCBC [37,38]. Along with the phylogenetic and morphological support, the secondary structure analyses of ITS2 support the description of the new taxa.

4.3. Comparing the Three Taxa in This Study with Close Species in the C. lorenzianus Complex

The presence of tear-shaped setae poroids is, as mentioned above, a unique feature, differentiating the three taxa from other allied taxa. Furthermore, poroids exist on the valve face and the mantle in the three taxa, but not in C. laevisporus, C. mannaii and C. mitra [11,12]. The external tube of the rimoportula is more distinct in C. mannaii than in all other taxa [12]. Chaetoceros mitra is unique by having the smallest size of setae poroids arranged into the densest pattern within the C. lorenzianus complex, 0.2 ± 0.1 µm, and a density of 39.8 ± 7.4 in 10 µm. Moreover, the intercalary sibling setae is Brunel II in C. mitra, each diverging 30–80° from the apical plane (loc. cit. Figure 13a,b, [11]), whereas it is always Brunel I in all the other species. Chaetoceros elegans is differentiated by the setae extending initially in the pervalvar axis, before curving and crossing over (Figure 1a,b). Thus, the seta base is distinct in C. elegans, whereas it is shorter or absent in all other species. Chaetoceros elegans is also unique by having rounded–quadrangular apertures, in contrast to oval–rectangular or peanut-shaped apertures in the other taxa. Finally, C. macroelegans has the largest size of tear-shaped setae poroids arranged with the lowest density in the C. lorenzianus complex. For further morphological comparisons, see Table S4.
The morphology of resting spores has been considered a unique feature of the C. lorenzianus complex, with spores having two elongated elevations on the primary valve and one or two bulges on the secondary valve face [20]. In this study, similar resting spores were reported in C. macroelegans and C. densoelegans, but are unknown so far in C. elegans. Presently, six species within the C. lorenzianus complex are known to possess resting spores, i.e., C. laevisporus, C. mitra, C. pauciramosus, type C. lorenzianus, C. macroelegans and C. densoelegans. The morphological comparisons of the resting spores made by [12] are still valid, except that C. elegans should be replaced by C. macroelegans and C. densoelegans, as no morphological differences in resting spore morphology were observed between the two new taxa (Table 2). Chaetoceros laevisporus is distinct by the absence of dichotomous branching on the elevations on the primary valve 11]. The resting spores of C. mitra differ by the straight slope of the elevation [11], whereas it forms an acute angle in the two new taxa (Figure 3 and Figure 5). The resting spores in Chaetoceros pauciramosus are most similar to those in C. macroelegans and C. densoelegans, and no morphological differences were found. Resting spores with two branching processes have also been reported in C. lorenzianus, but the delineation of this taxon is still unclear and needs modification based on type material or samples from the type locality [11].
The identification and taxonomy of the genus Chaetoceros has, to a large degree, been based on light microscopical characteristics, such as the morphology of the chains, orientation of the setae, etc. However, these features are prone to change due to environmental factors or life stages, and should be used carefully (own observations). Recently, the ultrastructure on the setae, including the shape, size and arrangement of poroids and spines, the presence or absence of poroids on the valve face and mantle, morphology of resting spores, etc., has been shown to be useful for taxonomic delineations of taxa [2,3,7,9,10,11,39,40]. The shape of the setae poroids is quite unique in C. elegans, C. macroelegans and C. densoelegans, and differentiates them from not only the other taxa in the C. lorenzianus complex, but also from most Chaetoceros species. The ultrastructure on the setae and the characteristics of the resting spores were shown to have significant taxonomic importance in the present study and should be explored in more detail in the other Chaetoceros sections.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/d14080676/s1, Table S1: The number of base pair differences of ITS rDNA within C. elegans, C. macroelegans and C. densoelegans strains; Table S2: The number of base pair differences of SSU rDNA within C. elegans, C. macroelegans and C. densoelegans strains; Table S3: The number of base pair differences of LSU rDNA within C. elegans, C. macroelegans and C. densoelegans; Table S4: Morphological characters for differentiating the known nine species of the section Dicladia.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Y.L.; Data curation, X.C., Z.C. and X.X.; Formal analysis, X.C. and Y.L.; Funding acquisition, Y.L.; Investigation, Z.C. and X.X.; Methodology, X.C.; Resources, Z.C.; Software, S.T.T.; Supervision, Y.L.; Visualization, N.L. and Y.L.; Writing—original draft, X.C. and Y.L.; Writing—review & editing, N.L. and Y.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by grants from the National Nature Science Foundation of China (32170206) and the Science and Technology Basic Resources Investigation Program of China (2018FY100200).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All the data from the study is included in this manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. LM (a), SEM (b–f,h–j) and TEM (g,k–m) micrographs of Chaetoceros elegans, strain YL7. (a) Chain in broad girdle view; (b) sibling intercalary valves showing setae base and aperture; (c–f) poroids and spines on terminal (c,d) and intercalary setae (e,f); (g,h) terminal valves; (i) close-up of rimoportula; (j) intercalary valve view; (k) rows of poroids on the mantle; (l) central annulus on intercalary valve; (m) close-up of bands. Scale bars: (a) 20 µm; (b–d,g,h,j,l) 5 µm; (e,f,i,k,m) 1 µm.
Figure 1. LM (a), SEM (b–f,h–j) and TEM (g,k–m) micrographs of Chaetoceros elegans, strain YL7. (a) Chain in broad girdle view; (b) sibling intercalary valves showing setae base and aperture; (c–f) poroids and spines on terminal (c,d) and intercalary setae (e,f); (g,h) terminal valves; (i) close-up of rimoportula; (j) intercalary valve view; (k) rows of poroids on the mantle; (l) central annulus on intercalary valve; (m) close-up of bands. Scale bars: (a) 20 µm; (b–d,g,h,j,l) 5 µm; (e,f,i,k,m) 1 µm.
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Figure 2. LM (a,b,d), SEM (c,e–j) and TEM (k–m) micrographs of vegetative cells of Chaetoceros macroelegans sp. nov., strain MC785. (a) Chains in broad girdle view, showing protrusions on terminal valve (arrow); (b) solitary cell; (c) sibling intercalary valves showing aperture, overlapping silica ear-like structures (arrowheads) and furrow above the basal ring of mantle (arrow); (d) terminal seta under LM, showing visible setae poroids; (e–h) setae structure, showing round-oval and tear-shaped poroids on terminal (e,f) and intercalary setae (g,h), respectively; (i) intercalary valve view; (j,k) terminal valves; (l) parallel rows of poroids on the mantle; (m) detail of bands. Scale bars: (a,b) 20 µm; (c,d,i–k) 5 µm; (e–h,l,m) 1 µm.
Figure 2. LM (a,b,d), SEM (c,e–j) and TEM (k–m) micrographs of vegetative cells of Chaetoceros macroelegans sp. nov., strain MC785. (a) Chains in broad girdle view, showing protrusions on terminal valve (arrow); (b) solitary cell; (c) sibling intercalary valves showing aperture, overlapping silica ear-like structures (arrowheads) and furrow above the basal ring of mantle (arrow); (d) terminal seta under LM, showing visible setae poroids; (e–h) setae structure, showing round-oval and tear-shaped poroids on terminal (e,f) and intercalary setae (g,h), respectively; (i) intercalary valve view; (j,k) terminal valves; (l) parallel rows of poroids on the mantle; (m) detail of bands. Scale bars: (a,b) 20 µm; (c,d,i–k) 5 µm; (e–h,l,m) 1 µm.
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Figure 3. LM (a,b) and SEM (c–f) micrographs of resting spores of Chaetoceros macroelegans sp. nov., strain MC785. (a,b) Resting spores within mother cells; (c,d) released resting spores, showing two elongated elevations with dichotomous branching processes distally on the primary valve; A—height of elevation, B—height of branching process; (e) internal view of secondary valve; (f) hooks on the distal tips (arrowheads). Scale bars: (a–c) 20 µm; (d,e) 5 µm; (f) 1 µm.
Figure 3. LM (a,b) and SEM (c–f) micrographs of resting spores of Chaetoceros macroelegans sp. nov., strain MC785. (a,b) Resting spores within mother cells; (c,d) released resting spores, showing two elongated elevations with dichotomous branching processes distally on the primary valve; A—height of elevation, B—height of branching process; (e) internal view of secondary valve; (f) hooks on the distal tips (arrowheads). Scale bars: (a–c) 20 µm; (d,e) 5 µm; (f) 1 µm.
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Figure 4. LM (a,b,d), SEM (c,e–j) and TEM (k–m) micrographs of vegetative cells of Chaetoceros densoelegans sp. nov., strain MC687. (a) Chain in broad girdle view; (b) solitary cell; (c) sibling intercalary valves showing aperture and overlapping silica ear-like structures (arrow), silica ridges (arrowhead) and furrow above the basal ring of mantle (broad arrow); (d) terminal seta under LM, showing visible setae poroids; (e–h) setae structure, showing round-oval and tear-shaped poroids on terminal (e,f) and intercalary setae (g,h), respectively; (i) terminal valve view showing external process of rimoportula (arrow); (j) terminal valves with silica ear-like structures (arrowhead) and furrow above the basal ring of mantle (arrow); (k) enlargement of intercalary valve, showing annulus (arrow), costae and poroids; (l) parallel rows of poroids on the mantle; (m) close-up of bands. Scale bars: (a,b,d) 20 µm; (c,i–l) 5 µm; (e–h,m) 1 µm.
Figure 4. LM (a,b,d), SEM (c,e–j) and TEM (k–m) micrographs of vegetative cells of Chaetoceros densoelegans sp. nov., strain MC687. (a) Chain in broad girdle view; (b) solitary cell; (c) sibling intercalary valves showing aperture and overlapping silica ear-like structures (arrow), silica ridges (arrowhead) and furrow above the basal ring of mantle (broad arrow); (d) terminal seta under LM, showing visible setae poroids; (e–h) setae structure, showing round-oval and tear-shaped poroids on terminal (e,f) and intercalary setae (g,h), respectively; (i) terminal valve view showing external process of rimoportula (arrow); (j) terminal valves with silica ear-like structures (arrowhead) and furrow above the basal ring of mantle (arrow); (k) enlargement of intercalary valve, showing annulus (arrow), costae and poroids; (l) parallel rows of poroids on the mantle; (m) close-up of bands. Scale bars: (a,b,d) 20 µm; (c,i–l) 5 µm; (e–h,m) 1 µm.
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Figure 5. LM (a,b) and SEM (c–f) micrographs of resting spores of Chaetoceros densoelegans sp. nov., strain MC687. (a,b) Resting spores within mother cells of a chain; (c,d) released resting spores, showing two elongated elevations with dichotomous branching processes distally on the primary valve face and one (d) or two bulges (c) on the secondary valve face; (e) dichotomous branching processes; (f) hooks on the distal tips. Scale bars: (a,b) 20 µm; (c–e) 5 µm; 1 µm (f).
Figure 5. LM (a,b) and SEM (c–f) micrographs of resting spores of Chaetoceros densoelegans sp. nov., strain MC687. (a,b) Resting spores within mother cells of a chain; (c,d) released resting spores, showing two elongated elevations with dichotomous branching processes distally on the primary valve face and one (d) or two bulges (c) on the secondary valve face; (e) dichotomous branching processes; (f) hooks on the distal tips. Scale bars: (a,b) 20 µm; (c–e) 5 µm; 1 µm (f).
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Figure 6. Phylogenetic tree based on maximum likelihood analyses of the ITS rDNA sequences. Only bootstrap support from Bayesian analyses (MrB) ≥0.95 and maximum likelihood (ML) ≥70% are shown.
Figure 6. Phylogenetic tree based on maximum likelihood analyses of the ITS rDNA sequences. Only bootstrap support from Bayesian analyses (MrB) ≥0.95 and maximum likelihood (ML) ≥70% are shown.
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Figure 7. Phylogenetic tree based on maximum likelihood analyses of the SSU rDNA sequences. Only bootstrap support from Bayesian analyses (MrB) ≥0.95 and maximum likelihood (ML) ≥70% are shown.
Figure 7. Phylogenetic tree based on maximum likelihood analyses of the SSU rDNA sequences. Only bootstrap support from Bayesian analyses (MrB) ≥0.95 and maximum likelihood (ML) ≥70% are shown.
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Figure 8. Phylogenetic tree based on maximum likelihood analyses of the LSU rDNA sequences. Only bootstrap support from Bayesian analyses (MrB) ≥0.95 and maximum likelihood (ML) ≥70% are shown.
Figure 8. Phylogenetic tree based on maximum likelihood analyses of the LSU rDNA sequences. Only bootstrap support from Bayesian analyses (MrB) ≥0.95 and maximum likelihood (ML) ≥70% are shown.
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Figure 9. ITS2 RNA transcript of Chaetoceros elegans (strain YL7), with four common helices and one pseudo-helix II. CBCs and HCBCs between C. elegans and C. macroelegans (MC785), C. densoelegans (MC687) were indicated by rectangles, with dotted line and solid line, respectively. The base pairs of C. elegans, C. macroelegans and C. densoelegans are noted in white, black and grey, respectively.
Figure 9. ITS2 RNA transcript of Chaetoceros elegans (strain YL7), with four common helices and one pseudo-helix II. CBCs and HCBCs between C. elegans and C. macroelegans (MC785), C. densoelegans (MC687) were indicated by rectangles, with dotted line and solid line, respectively. The base pairs of C. elegans, C. macroelegans and C. densoelegans are noted in white, black and grey, respectively.
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Table
Table 1. Strains of C. elegans, C. macroelegans sp. nov and C. densoelegans sp. nov. used in this study, showing strain designation, sampling location and date, as well as ITS, LSU and SSU accession numbers. * represents holotype/means no data.
Table 1. Strains of C. elegans, C. macroelegans sp. nov and C. densoelegans sp. nov. used in this study, showing strain designation, sampling location and date, as well as ITS, LSU and SSU accession numbers. * represents holotype/means no data.
SpeciesStrainLocalityDateAccession Number
LSUITSSSU
C. elegansYL7 *Dapeng Bay, 22.5933° N, 114.3991° E27 August 2010KX065232ON972673ON944143
MC1048Dapeng Bay, 22.5953° N, 114.3981° E30 September 2015KX065233ON972674ON944144
MC1051Dapeng Bay, 22.5953° N, 114.3981° E1 October 2015ON944163ON972675ON944145
C. macroelegansMC733Hong Kong, 22.2960° N, 114.1840° E10 July 2015ON944164ON972676ON944146
MC732Hong Kong, 22.2960° N, 114.1840° E10 July 2015ON944165ON972677ON944147
MC747Jiangmen, 21.8361° N, 113.1916° E5 August 2015ON944166ON972678ON944148
MC750Jiangmen, 21.8361° N, 113.1916° E5 August 2015ON944167/ON944149
MC758Jiangmen, 21.8361° N, 113.1916° E5 August 2015ON944168//
MC761Jiangmen, 21.8361° N, 113.1916° E5 August 2015ON944169/ON944150
MC767Ningbo, 29.8636° N, 121.5611° E6 August 2015ON944170ON972679ON944151
MC777Ningbo, 29.8636° N, 121.5611° E7 August 2015ON944171ON972680ON944152
MC785 *Ningbo, 29.8636° N, 121.5611° E7 August 2015ON944172ON972681ON944153
MC788Zhuhai, 22.1614° N, 113.3436° E17 August 2015KX065236ON972682/
MC790Zhuhai, 22.1614° N, 113.3436° E17 August 2015ON944173ON972683/
MC1000Zhanjiang, 20.9566° N, 110.3998° E26 August 2015ON944174ON972684ON944154
MC1001Zhanjiang, 20.9566° N, 110.3998° E26 August 2015ON944175ON972685ON944155
MC1026Qingdao, 36.0329° N, 120.3473° E9 September 2015ON944176/ON944156
UNBFNew Brunswick, Canada, 45.00° N, 66.733° W7 September 2010KC986068//
M1Mannai Island, Thailand, 12.6111° N, 101.6836° E2 June 2008KXO65231//
C. densoelegansMC687 *Hong Kong, 22.3520° N, 114.1139° E3 April 2015ON944179ON972686ON944157
MC688Hong Kong, 22.2960° N, 114.1840° E3 April 2015ON944180ON972687ON944158
Ch12A1Concepción, Chile, 36.5133° S and 73.1291° W29 October 2013KY129903/KX611421
Table
Table 2. Morphological comparison among C. elegans, C. macroelegans sp. nov. and C. densoelegans sp. nov. a,b indicates statistically significant difference (p < 0.01). The most important morphological differences are highlighted in bold.
Table 2. Morphological comparison among C. elegans, C. macroelegans sp. nov. and C. densoelegans sp. nov. a,b indicates statistically significant difference (p < 0.01). The most important morphological differences are highlighted in bold.
Characters C. macroelegansC. densoelegansC. elegans
Brunel group ⅠⅠⅠ
Aperture shape elliptical to hexagonalelliptical to hexagonalquadrangular-rectangular
Poroids on valve face presentpresentpresent
External tube of rimoportula shortshortshort
Basal part of seta absent or shortabsent or shortpresent, distinct
Seta poroid shapeTerminal setatear-shaped, round-ovaltear-shaped, round-ovaltear-shaped
Intercalary setatear-shaped, round-ovaltear-shaped, round-ovaltear-shaped
Seta poroid size/density (10 µm)Terminal seta0.5–1.3 (0.7 ± 0.2) a (tear-shaped)/0.5–0.7 (0.6 ± 0.1) a (tear-shaped)/0.6–1.2 (0.9 ± 0.2) b/
6.5–16.0 (11.0 ± 2.2) a (tear-shaped)9.3–14.2 (12.3 ± 2.7) a (tear-shaped)7.2–12.8 (9.4 ± 1.7) b
0.4–0.6 (0.4 ± 0.1) a (round-oval)/0.2–0.5 (0.4 ± 0.1) b (round-oval)/
12.0–19.1 (15.8 ± 2.3) a (round-oval)15.0–27.0 (19.5 ± 3.1) b (round-oval)
Intercalary seta0.7– 2.3 (1.2 ± 0.3) a (tear-shaped)/0.6–0.9 (0.7 ± 0.1) b (tear-shaped)/0.4–1.0 (0.7 ± 0.2) b/
5.0–13.0 (7.9 ± 1.7) a (tear-shaped)8.4–14.0 (11.2 ± 2.1) b (tear-shaped)8.0–18.5 (12.0 ± 3.1) b
0.4– 0.5 (0.4 ± 0.03) a (round-oval)/0.3–0.5 (0.4 ± 0.1) b (round-oval)/
15.3–18.3 (17.1 ± 1.2) a (round-oval)13.5–27.0 (20.0 ± 4.2) b (round-oval)
Apical axis (µm) 12.6–39.725.0–26.59.2–14.7
(27.9 ± 10.8)(25.5 ± 0.6)(12.5 ± 1.8)
Pervalvar axis (µm) 11.3–28.49.4–15.89.2–16.4
(17.5 ± 3.9)(12.4 ± 2.2)(12.0 ± 1.7)
Aperture in pervalvar axis (µm) 6.3–12.68.3–14.57.8–12.9
(8.9 ± 2.0)(11.4 ± 1.5)(10.2 ± 2.0)
Aperture height/ 0.2–0.70.3–0.60.5–0.9
pervalvar axis index (0.4 ± 0.1) a(0.5 ± 0.1) b(0.7 ± 0.1) b
Resting spore two branching processestwo branching processesunknown
Apical axis (μm)20.3–47.1 (33.8 ± 7.2)18.3–32.9 (28.6 ± 4.2)
Pervalvar axis of primary valve (μm)8.4–16.3 (11.2 ± 2.2)9.1–13.6 (11.4 ± 1.2)
Height of branching processes (μm)9.5–14.9 (11.4 ± 1.3)9.6–16.3 (13.3 ± 1.8)
Height of elevation (μm)4.4–10.3 (6.9 ± 1.6)6.0–9.6 (7.5 ± 1.0)
Outer slope of elevationAcute angleAcute angle
Joining of two elevationsNear mantleNear mantle
Structure of distal tipsHookHook
Secondary valve bulges1–21–2
Branching times5–65–6
Elevations/branching processes0.4–0.8 (0.6 ± 0.1)0.4–1.0 (0.6 ± 0.1)
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Chen, X.; Chen, Z.; Lundholm, N.; Teng, S.T.; Xu, X.; Li, Y. Semicryptic Diversity around Chaetoceros elegans (Bacillariophyta, Mediophyceae), and the Description of Two New Species. Diversity 2022, 14, 676. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14080676

AMA Style

Chen X, Chen Z, Lundholm N, Teng ST, Xu X, Li Y. Semicryptic Diversity around Chaetoceros elegans (Bacillariophyta, Mediophyceae), and the Description of Two New Species. Diversity. 2022; 14(8):676. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14080676

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, Xiumei, Zuoyi Chen, Nina Lundholm, Sing Tung Teng, Xiaojing Xu, and Yang Li. 2022. "Semicryptic Diversity around Chaetoceros elegans (Bacillariophyta, Mediophyceae), and the Description of Two New Species" Diversity 14, no. 8: 676. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14080676

APA Style

Chen, X., Chen, Z., Lundholm, N., Teng, S. T., Xu, X., & Li, Y. (2022). Semicryptic Diversity around Chaetoceros elegans (Bacillariophyta, Mediophyceae), and the Description of Two New Species. Diversity, 14(8), 676. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14080676

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