Vocalization Analyses of Nocturnal Arboreal Mammals of the Taita Hills, Kenya
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Tree Hyrax Taxonomy
1.2. Galago Taxonomy
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of Dendrohyrax Vocalizations
3.1.1. Strangled Thwack
3.1.2. Hac
3.1.3. Songs
3.1.4. Behavioural Observations
3.2. Characterization of Otolemur Vocalizations
3.2.1. Trailing Call
3.2.2. Cluster Squawk
3.2.3. Behavioural Observations
3.3. Characterization of Paragalago Vocalizations
3.3.1. Incremental Call
3.3.2. Chatter
3.3.3. Chirrup
3.3.4. Yap
3.3.5. Behavioural Observations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dendrohyrax Strangled Thwack n 174 | Dendrohyrax Hac n 80 | Otolemur Trailing n 78 | Otolemur Squawk n 48 | Paragalago Incremental n 31 | Paragalago Chatter n 48 | Paragalago Chirrup n 55 | Paragalago Yap n 45 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage | 89.1 | 58.2 | 93.6 | 76.6 | 41.9 | 90.7 | 92.6 | 97.8 |
Call Type | n | Fundamental Frequency Hz | Highest Frequency | Maximum Frequency Hz | Call Duration s | Redundancy | Unit Distance s (n) | Answer % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strangled thwack | 174 | 323 SD 53.5 | 16,206 SD 3469 | 2431 SD 818 | 0.6 SD 0.14 | 1–15 avg. 5.2 | 11.5 (n 248) SD 8.6 | 75 |
Hac | 79 | 304 SD 124 | 9538 SD 3469 | 1725 SD 269 | 0.49 SD 0.16 | 1–<100 avg. 7.2 | 8.7 (n 115) SD 3.8 | 74 |
Call Type | n | Fundamental Frequency Hz | Highest Frequency | Maximum Frequency Hz | Length s | Energy dB | Answer % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trailing call | 78 | 227 SD 25.7 | 6195 SD 4026 | 1568 SD 357 | 3.2 SD 0.7 | 98.2 SD 5.9 | 42 |
Cluster squawk | 47 | 315 SD 52 | 6602 SD 2861 | 1710 SD 428 | 1.5 SD 0.6 | 91.5 SD 6 | NA |
Call Type. | n | Fundamental Frequency Hz | Highest Frequency Hz | Maximum Frequency Hz | Length s. | Energy dB | Inter-Unit Interval s. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Incremental | 31 | 974 SD 360 | 13,734 SD 2085 | 4064 SD 2146 | 4.1 SD 2.2 | 94 SD 4.6 | variable |
Chatter | 43 | 533 SD 390 | 15,680 SD 2356 | 3230 SD 1218 | 3.3 SD 1.5 | 92.8 SD 5.6 | 1.2 (n 77) |
Chirrup | 54 | 694 SD 273 | 15,406 SD 3124 | 4144 SD 1133 | 0.29 SD 0.07 | 90.4 SD 2.6 | 0.6 (n 94) |
Yap | 45 | 1364 SD 316 | 14,020 SD 692 | 4365 SD 954 | 0.1 SD 0.02 | 83 SD 3.9 | 0.47 (n 112) |
n | Mean Call Length s | Call Range s | Mean Number of Units | Range Number of Units | Low Frequency Hz | Maximum Frequency Hz | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O. g. panganiensis (Bettridge et al. 2019) | 226 | 3.08 | 0.9–6.43 | 7.7 | 3–15 | 533 | 819 |
O. lasiotis (Bettridge et al. 2019) | 10 | 2.42 | 0.87 | 5.6 | 4–8 | 200 | 1320 |
Otolemur Taita Hills (this study) | 78 | 3.2 | 0.35–3.97 | 7.3 | 5–12 | 227 | 1593 |
Paragalago, Taita Hills | Paragalago cocos, Diani | |
---|---|---|
Fundamental frequency | 800–1200 Hz | 800–1200 Hz |
Frequency range | 680–14,500 Hz | 650–11,150 |
Harmonics visible | 9000 Hz | 9300 (10th of 11th harmonic) |
Duration | 3.55 s range 1.9–9.7 s | 4.3 s range 1.7–8.6 s |
Mean number of phases | 6.6 (range 1–6) | 6 (range 1–11) |
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Rosti, H.; Pihlström, H.; Bearder, S.; Pellikka, P.; Rikkinen, J. Vocalization Analyses of Nocturnal Arboreal Mammals of the Taita Hills, Kenya. Diversity 2020, 12, 473. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12120473
Rosti H, Pihlström H, Bearder S, Pellikka P, Rikkinen J. Vocalization Analyses of Nocturnal Arboreal Mammals of the Taita Hills, Kenya. Diversity. 2020; 12(12):473. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12120473
Chicago/Turabian StyleRosti, Hanna, Henry Pihlström, Simon Bearder, Petri Pellikka, and Jouko Rikkinen. 2020. "Vocalization Analyses of Nocturnal Arboreal Mammals of the Taita Hills, Kenya" Diversity 12, no. 12: 473. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12120473
APA StyleRosti, H., Pihlström, H., Bearder, S., Pellikka, P., & Rikkinen, J. (2020). Vocalization Analyses of Nocturnal Arboreal Mammals of the Taita Hills, Kenya. Diversity, 12(12), 473. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12120473