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Communication

Synthesis and Spectral Characterization of 4,7-Dichloro-6-nitroquinazoline

by
Thi Ngoc Nguyen
1,2,
Thi Huong Tran
2,
Nguyet Suong Huyen Dao
2,
Van Giang Nguyen
2,
Dinh Luyen Nguyen
2,
Nguyen Trieu Trinh
3 and
Van Hai Nguyen
2,*
1
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Thainguyen University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thainguyen 24117, Vietnam
2
Department of Pharmaceutical Industry, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi 110403, Vietnam
3
School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle (Callaghan) 2308, Australia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molbank 2020, 2020(2), M1134; https://doi.org/10.3390/M1134
Submission received: 5 April 2020 / Revised: 26 April 2020 / Accepted: 9 May 2020 / Published: 11 May 2020
(This article belongs to the Section Structure Determination)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Afatinib is a 4-anilinoquinazoline tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) in the form of a dimaleate salt which is indicated for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The most scalable route for the synthesis of this drug was reported in two Boehringer Ingelheim patents, in which the title compound, 4,7-dichloro-6-nitroquinazoline (IV), is an important intermediate. Compound IV is also present in a number of synthetic pathways for various 4,7-disubstituted quinazoline derivatives displaying high therapeutic potential. However, no detailed characterization of this popular compound has been reported, possibly due to its high instability. In this paper, IV was prepared in an overall yield of 56.1% by a 3-step process (condensation, nitration, and chlorination) from 2-amino-4-chlorobenzoic acid (I). The target compound has been for the first time fully characterized by melting point, mass-spectrometry, FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopies.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Quinazoline and quinazolinones scaffolds are present in a diverse range of biologically active compounds with huge therapeutic potential, including anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, antituberculosis, antifungal, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antidiabetic properties [1,2,3,4]. Many quinazoline derivatives, in particular the 4-anilinoquinazolines such as gefitinib, erlotinib, lapatinib, vandetanib, icotinib, afatinib and dacomitinib are approved as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) for the treatment of different cancers in targeted therapies [5,6]. Among those, afatinib dimaleate is a powerful second-generation TKI, irreversibly binding to both EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2). It is an approved anticancer drug marketed under the brand names Giotrif® (EU, Japan, Taiwan and Canada) and Gilotrif® (USA). It is indicated for patients with specific types EGFR mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer [7,8].
The synthetic route to afatinib dimaleate can be derived from two Boehringer Ingelheim patents, comprising 10 reactions [9,10,11,12,13,14]. In that synthetic procedure, the compound 4,7-dichloro-6-nitroquinazoline (IV, CAS Registry number 162012-71-7) is a highly reactive intermediate. However, it was used in situ and thus no characterization was available. Similarly, in other synthetic routes of other bioactive quinazoline derivatives reported by SciFinder and Reaxys, compound IV was also synthesized and used directly in the next step without characterization [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36], or only partially characterized by 1H-NMR [37]. The most detailed characterization of IV includes a melting point analysis, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopies, and an elemental analysis [38]. However, it appears that the reported NMR data for IV in this paper are close to those of the starting material (7-chloro-6-nitroquinazolin-4(3H)-one, III), indicating the possibility of a hydrolysis reaction which converts IV back to the starting material. In addition, the given elemental analysis did not present the percentage of each element, which offers no clarification over the identity of this compound. In this paper, compound IV has been for the first time fully characterized by melting point, mass-spectrometry, FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopies.

2. Results and Discussion

The target compound IV was prepared in three steps from 2-amino-4-chlorobenzoic acid (I) in an overall yield of 56.1% (Scheme 1). The synthetic procedures were based on references [30,33,39] with some changes.
Compound IV is an imidoyl halide (also known as imidyl or iminochlorides), a group of highly reactive organic compounds widely used as synthetic tools to produce a variety of compounds. It is often not necessary to isolate imidoyl halides because in situ generation and subsequent reactions can afford the desired derivatives in high yields [40,41,42]. In fact, our experimental observations demonstrate that IV is extremely sensitive to moisture and can be readily hydrolyzed giving back the starting material III. This phenomenon could explain the reason why the NMR-data in the aforementioned article [38] are so close to those of the starting material III. These data are presented in Table 1 and Table 2.
The data in Table 1 indicate that III is capable of tautomerism between the lactim (-C(OH)=N-) and lactam (-C(=O)-NH-) forms, displaying a huge difference in chemical shifts between the -OH and the -NH groups (12.79 ppm vs. 3.30 ppm). In the latter form, the -NH- signal is actually overlapped with the water signal if DMSO-d6 is used and may not be seen in a proton spectrum. As the reported proton chemical shifts for compound IV in [38] are similar to those of compound III in [30], we suspect that they are of the same chemical compound (Table 1). Indeed, the 1H-NMR values for compound IV in [38] do not match up with those of either our data or another paper [37], displaying large chemical shifts’ differences of 0.96 ppm, 0.44 ppm, and 0.43 ppm, respectively, for the aromatic hydrogens in DMSO-d6 [37,38]. We would not expect such large discrepancies in chemical shifts for the same compound using the same NMR solvent (DMSO-d6). When comparing our 1H-NMR data with those of [37], the differences are −0.38 ppm, 0.05 ppm, and 0.02 ppm, respectively, which indicate a high level of spectral similarities. These slight deviations could potentially originate from the fact that two different NMR solvents (DMSO-d6 vs. CDCl3) were used [44]. On the other hand, when examining the 13C-NMR data, we found strikingly similar values between IV of reference [38] and the starting material III (∆δ = 0–0.4 ppm, Table 2). These reported values are different from our 13C-NMR data of IV (∆δ = 0.4–5.4 ppm, Table 2). Altogether, both the 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR data combined indicate that the reported NMR data in [38] could potentially be that of the starting material III, and not the desired compound IV. One possible explanation could be the hydrolysis of the highly reactive compound IV back into the starting material III, a phenomenon we have observed in our laboratory.
Another interesting fact is that, when measuring mass spectrometry, we not only detected the peak of compound IV, but also its methoxy form (compound V), which possibly occurs due to alcoholysis by methanol (the solvent in MS). We show this in Scheme 2.
On the whole, in the synthesis of IV, our control of anhydrous reaction conditions and the appropriate work-up procedures have made it feasible to synthesize and characterize this highly reactive compound for the first time. These data may be useful for further investigations in the synthesis process improvement of afatinib, its analogs and other biologically active quinazoline based compounds. All the mass, FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra are presented in the Supplementary Material File.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General Information

The 2-amino-4-chlorobenzoic acid was purchased from Energy Chemical (Zhejiang, China) and used as received. Formamide (99.5%) was purchased from Scharlau Chemie (Barcelona, Spain). Thionyl chloride (99.5%) was purchased from Merck Schuchardt (Hohenbrunn, Germany). Dichloromethane (DCM, 99.5%), sufuric acid (98%) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.5%) was purchased from Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd. (Shantou, China). Fuming nitric acid (d 1.50 g/mL) was prepared by reaction of solid sodium nitrate and liquid sulfuric acid (98%), following distillation at b.p 82 °C.
The melting point was determined using a SRS EZ-Melt apparatus (Stanford Research Systems, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) and is uncorrected. MS was performed at a EVOQ Qube™ (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) or an LTQ Orbitrap XL™ (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) system. FT-IR spectra were recorded by a Perkin Elmer (Waltham, MA, USA) or Shimadzu (Kyoto, Japan) spectrometer. 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra were acquired with a 500 MHz Ascent spectrometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) using acetone-d6, DMSO-d6, or CDCl3 as the solvent. The reaction mixtures were monitored, and the purity of all products was checked by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on silica gel 60 F254 plates (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany).

3.2. Synthetic Procedure

3.2.1. Preparation of 7-Chloroquinazolin-4(3H)-one (II)

The synthetic procedure for compound II was based on the method described in [39] with some modifications. A mixture of 2-amino-4-chlorobenzoic acid (I, 34.30 g, 0.20 mol, 1 equiv.), formamide (125.0 mL, 2.77 mol, 14 equiv.) was aerated with nitrogen, then stirred and refluxed for 1.5 h at 160 °C (the reaction was monitored by TLC with a 9:1 DCM/methanol mixture as eluent). The reaction mixture was cooled to 80 °C, then 500 mL of water was added. The mixture was cooled to −5 °C in 1 h and filtered. The precipitate was washed with water and dried at 60 °C to afford 7-chloroquinazolin-4(3H)-one (II) as a light brown solid (29.71 g, 82.3%), which was used for the next step without further purification. M.p 251.0–253.0 °C. Rf 0.60 (DCM/methanol, 9:1). MS (ESI+, MeOH), m/z: found 181.2 and 183.2 [M + H]+, C8H5ON2Cl requires [M + H]+ 181.0 and 183.0. FT-IR (KBr), νmax (cm−1): 3031 (C-H); 2964, 2919 (N-H); 1714 (C=O); 1693 (C=N); 1655, 1606 (C=C). 1H-NMR (acetone-d6), δ (ppm): 11.82 (br.s, 1H, H-3, NH); 8.17 (d, J = 8,5 Hz, 1H, H-5); 8.09 (s, 1H, H-2); 7.67 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H, H-8); 7.51 (dd, J1 = 8.5 Hz, J2 = 2.0 Hz, 1H, H-6). 13C-NMR (acetone-d6), δ (ppm): 160.6 (C-4); 151.2 (C-8a); 147.3 (C-2); 140.2 (C-7); 128.8 (C-5); 127.7 (C-6); 127.6 (C-8); 122.8 (C-4a).

3.2.2. Preparation of 7-Chloro-6-nitroquinazolin-4(3H)-one (7-Chloro-4-hydroxy-6-nitroquinazoline, III)

The synthetic procedure for compound III was based on [30] with some modifications. Compound II (10.83 g, 0.060 mol) and sulfuric acid (120 mL) were added into a 500 mL two-neck round bottom flask. The mixture was cooled to 0 °C on ice and stirred until dissolution. Fuming nitric acid (120 mL) was slowly added to the mixture at 0 °C, and the mixture was stirred for 1.5 h at 30 °C. After completion of reaction as indicated by TLC, 10% NaOH solution was slowly added to the reaction mixture until a precipitate was formed (pH ~7). The mixture was then filtered to furnish a light yellow solid (III). The compound was purified by redissolving in HCl (5M) and then neutralizing this solution with NaOH (10%) to pH 6–7 to furnish the pure precipitate which was then filtered, washed with water and dried at 60 °C to furnish 7-chloro-6-nitroquinazolin-4(3H)-one (III) as a light yellow solid (11.46 g, 84.7%). M.p 263.5–265.0 °C. Rf 0.34 (DCM/methanol, 20:1). MS (ESI+, MeOH), m/z: found 225.9 [M + H]+, C8H4O3N3Cl requires [M + H]+ 225.9. FT-IR (KBr), νmax (cm−1): 3452, 3215 (O-H); 3091, 3012 (C-H); 1696 (C=O); 1666, 1612 (C=N); 1523 (C=C); 1336 (NO2). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6), δ (ppm): 12.73 (br.s, 1H, OH); 8.64 (s, 1H, H-5); 8.27 (s, 1H, H-2); 7.97 (s, 1H, H-8). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6), δ (ppm): 159.3 (C-4); 151.5 (C-8a); 149.6 (C-2); 144.7 (C-6); 130.4 (C-7); 129.9 (C-5); 124.2 (C-8); 121.7 (C-4a).

3.2.3. Preparation of 4,7-Dichloro-6-nitroquinazoline (IV)

The synthetic procedure for compound IV was based on [33] with some modifications. A mixture of compound III (6.09 g, 0.027 mol), thionyl chloride (48.0 mL, 0.661 mol) and N,N-dimethyl-formamide (0.25 mL) was melted and stirred at 100 °C for 2 h. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool down and excess thionyl chloride was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. Toluene (40 mL) was added to the residue and the mixture was evaporated again to completely remove volatile matter. The precipitate was washed with diethyl ether and dried in the desiccator to obtain 4,7-dichloro-6-nitroquinazoline (IV) as a yellow solid (6.02 g, 91.3%). M.p: 269.0–270.5 °C. Rf: 0.87 (DCM/methanol, 20:1). MS (ESI+, MeOH), m/z: found 244.4 [M + H]+, 240.00 and 241.99 [methoxy form]; C8H3O2N3Cl2 requires [M + H]+ 244.0 and 246.0. FT-IR (KBr), νmax (cm−1): 3089 (C-H); 1726, 1645, 1610 (C=N); 1546 (C=C); 1527, 1323 (NO2). 1H-NMR (CDCl3), δ (ppm): 9.18 (s, 1H, H-2); 8.76 (s, 1H, H-5); 8.30 (s, 1H, H-8). 13C-NMR (CDCl3), δ (ppm): 163.6 (C-4); 156.9 (C-2); 151.6 (C-8a); 147.5 (C-6); 132.8 (C-7); 132.2 (C-8); 123.5 (C-5); 122.1 (C-4a).

Supplementary Materials

Spectral data of starting material I, intermediates II, III and title compound IV are available online, Figure S1: FT-IR spectrum of compound 2-amino-4-chlorobenzoic acid (I), Figure S2: 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 2-amino-4-chlorobenzoic acid (I), Figure S3: 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 2-amino-4-chlorobenzoic acid (I), Figure S4: MS spectrum of compound 7-chloroquinazolin-4(3H)-one (II), Figure S5: FT-IR spectrum of compound 7-chloroquinazolin-4(3H)-one (II), Figure S6: 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 7-chloroquinazolin-4(3H)-one (II), Figure S7: 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 7-chloroquinazolin-4(3H)-one (II), Figure S8: MS spectrum of compound 7-chloro-6-nitroquinazolin-4(3H)-one (III), Figure S9: FT-IR spectrum of compound 7-chloro-6-nitroquinazolin-4(3H)-one (III), Figure S10: 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 7-chloro-6-nitroquinazolin-4(3H)-one (III), Figure S11: 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 7-chloro-6-nitroquinazolin-4(3H)-one (III), Figure S12: MS spectrum of compound 4,7-dichloro-6-nitroquinazoline (IV), Figure S13: FT-IR spectrum of compound 4,7-dichloro-6-nitroquinazoline (IV), Figure S14: 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 4,7-dichloro-6-nitroquinazoline (IV), Figure S15: 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 4,7-dichloro-6-nitroquinazoline (IV).

Author Contributions

T.N.N. and T.H.T. synthesized the compounds. T.N.N. wrote the manuscript. N.S.H.D., V.G.N. and D.L.N. designed the experiments. V.H.N. analyzed spectroscopic data. V.H.N. and N.T.T. edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Hanoi University of Pharmacy and Thainguyen University of Medicine and Pharmacy for financial support and research facilities.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Molbank 2020 m1134 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Synthesis of 4,7-dichloro-6-nitroquinazoline (IV). Reagents and conditions (yield): (a) HCO-NH2, reflux at 160 °C (82.3%); (b) HNO3/H2SO4 (84.7%); (c) SOCl2/DMF at 100 °C (91.3%).
Scheme 1. Synthesis of 4,7-dichloro-6-nitroquinazoline (IV). Reagents and conditions (yield): (a) HCO-NH2, reflux at 160 °C (82.3%); (b) HNO3/H2SO4 (84.7%); (c) SOCl2/DMF at 100 °C (91.3%).
Molbank 2020 m1134 sch001
Molbank 2020 m1134 sch002 550
Scheme 2. The formation of 7-chloro-4-methoxy-6-nitroquinazoline (V) by alcoholysis with methanol in MS.
Scheme 2. The formation of 7-chloro-4-methoxy-6-nitroquinazoline (V) by alcoholysis with methanol in MS.
Molbank 2020 m1134 sch002
Table
Table 1. Reported and our data for 1H-NMR spectroscopies of III and IV.
Table 1. Reported and our data for 1H-NMR spectroscopies of III and IV.
Signalsδ (ppm) for Compound IIIδ (ppm) for Compound IV
Ref [30] (in DMSO-d6)Ref [43] (in DMSO-d6)Ref [39] (in DMSO-d6)Our Data (in DMSO-d6)Ref [38] (in DMSO-d6)Ref [37] (in DMSO-d6)Our Data (in CDCl3)
OH or NH forms3.30 * (br.s, 1H, NH form)12.79 (br.s, 1H, OH form)12.79 (br.s, 1H, OH form)12.73 (br.s, 1H, OH form)NA **NANA
H-58.53 (s, 1H)8.69 (s, 1H)8.67 (s, 1H)8.64 (s, 1H)8.60 (s, 1H)9.56 (s, 1H)9.18 (s, 1H)
H-28.28 (s, 1H)8.32 (s, 1H)8.31 (s, 1H)8.27 (s, 1H)8.27 (s, 1H)8.71 (s, 1H)8.76 (s, 1H)
H-87.97 (s, 1H)8.03 (s, 1H)8.01 (s, 1H)7.97 (s, 1H)7.85 (s, 1H)8.28 (s, 1H)8.30 (s, 1H)
*: The signal is overlapped with water signal at 3.33 ppm in DMSO-d6. ** NA: not available.
Table
Table 2. Reported and our data for 13C-NMR spectroscopies of III and IV.
Table 2. Reported and our data for 13C-NMR spectroscopies of III and IV.
Signalsδ (ppm) for Compound IIIδ (ppm) for Compound IV
LiteratureOur Data (in DMSO-d6)Ref [38] (in DMSO-d6)Our Data (in CDCl3)
C-4NA159.3159.0163.6
C-2NA151.5150.3156.9
C-8aNA149.6149.2151.6
C-6NA144.7144.8147.5
C-7NA130.4131.1132.8
C-8NA129.4129.4132.2
C-5NA124.2124.2123.5
C-4aNA121.7121.4122.1

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MDPI and ACS Style

Nguyen, T.N.; Tran, T.H.; Dao, N.S.H.; Nguyen, V.G.; Nguyen, D.L.; Trinh, N.T.; Nguyen, V.H. Synthesis and Spectral Characterization of 4,7-Dichloro-6-nitroquinazoline. Molbank 2020, 2020, M1134. https://doi.org/10.3390/M1134

AMA Style

Nguyen TN, Tran TH, Dao NSH, Nguyen VG, Nguyen DL, Trinh NT, Nguyen VH. Synthesis and Spectral Characterization of 4,7-Dichloro-6-nitroquinazoline. Molbank. 2020; 2020(2):M1134. https://doi.org/10.3390/M1134

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nguyen, Thi Ngoc, Thi Huong Tran, Nguyet Suong Huyen Dao, Van Giang Nguyen, Dinh Luyen Nguyen, Nguyen Trieu Trinh, and Van Hai Nguyen. 2020. "Synthesis and Spectral Characterization of 4,7-Dichloro-6-nitroquinazoline" Molbank 2020, no. 2: M1134. https://doi.org/10.3390/M1134

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