A Method for the Immobilization of Chitosan onto Urinary Catheters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Characterization of Reference Materials for Urinary Catheters
2.2. Effect of Plasma Treatment
2.2.1. Wettability of Plasma-Treated Catheters
2.2.2. XPS Characterization of Plasma-Treated Catheters
2.3. Analysis of Plasma-Treated Catheters with the Chitosan Coating
2.3.1. XPS Characterization of Plasma-Treated Catheters
2.3.2. FTIR Characterization of Plasma-Treated Catheters
2.3.3. Wettability of the Coated Catheters
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials and Chemical Reagents
3.2. Preparation of Coated Urinary Catheters
3.2.1. Plasma Treatment of Catheters
3.2.2. Deposition of Chitosan Coating
3.3. Surface Characterization
3.3.1. Chemical Composition by XPS and FTIR
3.3.2. Surface Wettability
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Catheter | C | N | O | Si | Cl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Base TPE catheter | 88.7 | 2.4 | 7.6 | 1.4 | / |
Base PVC catheter | 84.1 | / | 11.4 | 2.4 | 2.1 |
Catheter Material | Treatment Condition | Water Contact Angle (°) When Treating Small Samples | Water Contact Angle (°) When Treating the Whole Catheter |
---|---|---|---|
PVC | Untreated | 96° | / |
TPE | 103° | ||
PVC | 2 s O2 | 74° | / |
TPE | 77° | ||
PVC | 30 s O2 | 60° | / |
TPE | 56° | ||
PVC | 60 s O2 | 52° | / |
TPE | 48° | ||
PVC | 30 s H2 + 2 s O2 | 34° | 46° |
TPE | 11° | 37° |
PVC Catheter | Untreated | Two-Step Plasma Treatment |
---|---|---|
Water contact angle: | 96.1° ± 1.7° | 46.3° ± 3.3° |
Surface free energy: | 46.7 mN/m | 59.0 mN/m |
Dispersive component: | 45.6 mN/m | 37.1 mN/m |
Polar component: | 0.1 mN/m | 21.4 mN/m |
TPE Catheter | Untreated | Two-Step Plasma Treatment |
---|---|---|
Water contact angle: | 103.1° ± 1.5° | 37.2° ± 8.0° |
Surface free energy: | 25.1 mN/m | 64.2 mN/m |
Dispersive component: | 25.3 mN/m | 37.9 mN/m |
Polar component: | 1.7 mN/m | 26.4 mN/m |
Sample | C | N | O | Si | Cl | O/C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Untreated TPE | 88.7 | 2.4 | 7.6 | 1.4 | 0.09 | |
Two-step plasma-treated TPE | 83.0 | 1.9 | 15.0 | 0.1 | 0.18 |
Treatment Condition for TPE Catheters | C | N | O | Si | S |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
untreated TPE + chitosan 2% (one layer) | 86.7 | 2.9 | 9.4 | 1.1 | |
two-step plasma-treated TPE + chitosan 2% (one layer) | 71.8 | 5.1 | 20.9 | 2.0 | 0.1 |
untreated TPE + chitosan 2% (two layers) | 86.1 | 2.6 | 10.5 | 0.8 | |
two-step plasma-treated TPE + chitosan 2% (two layers) | 71.3 | 4.7 | 22.6 | 1.2 | 0.2 |
untreated TPE + chitosan 2.5% (one layer) | 84.7 | 3.5 | 10.7 | 1.1 | |
two-step plasma-treated TPE + chitosan 2.5% (one layer) | 65.8 | 6.3 | 27.8 | 0 | 0.1 |
untreated TPE + chitosan 2.5% (two layers) | 86.8 | 2.5 | 10.2 | 0.4 | |
two-step plasma-treated TPE + chitosan 2.5% (two layers) | 66.9 | 5.6 | 26.9 | 0.4 | 0.1 |
Treatment Condition for PVC Catheters | C | N | O | Si | Cl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
untreated PVC + chitosan 2% (one layer) | 85.2 | 3.1 | 8.9 | 1.6 | 1.2 |
two-step plasma-treated PVC + chitosan 2% (one layer) | 76.3 | 4.7 | 17.5 | 1.5 | |
untreated PVC + chitosan 2% (two layers) | 86.6 | 1.6 | 8.6 | 1.9 | 1.3 |
two-step plasma-treated PVC + chitosan 2% (two layers) | 63.8 | 5.9 | 28.9 | 1.4 | |
untreated PVC + chitosan 2.5% (one layer) | 85.3 | 2.3 | 9.0 | 1.9 | 1.5 |
two-step plasma-treated PVC + chitosan 2.5% (one layer) | 76.5 | 4.5 | 17.6 | 1.4 | |
untreated PVC + chitosan 2.5% (two layers) | 82.8 | 1.7 | 12.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 |
two-step plasma-treated PVC + chitosan 2.5% (two layers) | 67.6 | 5.0 | 26.8 | 0.5 |
Treatment Condition for TPE Catheters | WCAdry (°) | WCAwet (°) |
---|---|---|
Reference TPE | 103.1 | 107.3 |
untreated TPE + chitosan 2% (one layer) | 100.3 | 75.7 |
two-step plasma-treated TPE + chitosan 2% (one layer) | 107.3 | 0 |
untreated TPE + chitosan 2% (two layers) | 82.8 | 62.7 |
two-step plasma-treated TPE + chitosan 2% (two layers) | 82.3 | 0 |
untreated TPE + chitosan 2.5% (one layer) | 100.9 | 82.0 |
two-step plasma-treated TPE + chitosan 2.5% (one layer) | 105.9 | 0 |
untreated TPE + chitosan 2.5% (two layers) | 96.4 | 83.6 |
two-step plasma-treated TPE + chitosan 2.5% (two layers) | 90.2 | 0 |
Treatment Condition for PVC Catheters | WCAdry (°) | WCAwet (°) |
---|---|---|
Reference PVC | 96.1 | 104.6 |
untreated PVC + chitosan 2% (one layer) | 102.3 | 97.7 |
two-step plasma-treated PVC + chitosan 2% (one layer) | 77.1 | 0 |
untreated PVC + chitosan 2% (two layers) | 99.7 | 89.3 |
two-step plasma-treated PVC + chitosan 2% (two layers) | 81.2 | 0 |
untreated PVC + chitosan 2.5% (one layer) | 98.6 | 95.7 |
two-step plasma-treated PVC + chitosan 2.5% (one layer) | 91.7 | 0 |
untreated PVC + chitosan 2.5% (two layers) | 96.7 | 95.0 |
two-step plasma-treated PVC + chitosan 2.5% (two layers) | 78.7 | 0 |
Liquid | γLtot (mN/m) | γLD (mN/m) | γLP (mN/m) |
---|---|---|---|
water | 72.8 | 21.8 | 51 |
ethanol | 22.4 | 18.8 | 3.6 |
ethylene glycol | 48 | 29 | 19 |
diiodomethane | 50.8 | 50.8 | 0 |
glycerol | 64 | 34 | 30 |
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Vesel, A.; Recek, N.; Zaplotnik, R.; Kurinčič, A.; Kuzmič, K.; Zemljič, L.F. A Method for the Immobilization of Chitosan onto Urinary Catheters. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 15075. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315075
Vesel A, Recek N, Zaplotnik R, Kurinčič A, Kuzmič K, Zemljič LF. A Method for the Immobilization of Chitosan onto Urinary Catheters. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):15075. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315075
Chicago/Turabian StyleVesel, Alenka, Nina Recek, Rok Zaplotnik, Albert Kurinčič, Katja Kuzmič, and Lidija Fras Zemljič. 2022. "A Method for the Immobilization of Chitosan onto Urinary Catheters" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 15075. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315075