Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Promotes Cell Growth, Stemness Like Characteristics, and Metastasis in Human Ovarian Cancer via Activation of PI3K/Akt, β-Catenin, and Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Pathways
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Constitutive and Inducible Expression of AhR and BCL Family Proteins in OC Cells
2.1.1. Basal Expression of AhR and BCL-2 Proteins in OC Cell Lines
2.1.2. TCDD-Inducible Expression of AhR and BCL-2 Proteins in OC Cells
2.2. Effect of AhR Activation on the Chemoresistance of OC
2.2.1. Effect of AhR Activation on Cell Viability and Clonogenicity of Wild-Type and Resistant A2780 Cells
2.2.2. Constitutive and TCDD-Inducible Expression of AhR and BCL-2 Family Proteins in Wild Type and Resistant A2780 Cells
2.2.3. Effect of AhR Induction on Apoptosis, Cell Cycle Phases, and DNA Breaks in Wild-Type and Resistant A2780 Cells
2.3. Molecular Mechanisms Regulating the Effect and Involvement of AhR in OC Chemoresistance
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals and Reagents
4.2. OC Cell Lines and Cell Culture
4.3. Protein Extraction and Western Blot Analysis
4.4. Real-Time Cell Analyzer (RTCA) Analysis
4.5. Clonogenic Assay
4.6. Apoptosis Assay
4.7. Cell Cycle Analysis
4.8. H2AX Phosphorylation Assay
4.9. Wound Healing/Scratch Assay
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Therachiyil, L.; Krishnankutty, R.; Ahmad, F.; Mateo, J.M.; Uddin, S.; Korashy, H.M. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Promotes Cell Growth, Stemness Like Characteristics, and Metastasis in Human Ovarian Cancer via Activation of PI3K/Akt, β-Catenin, and Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 6395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126395
Therachiyil L, Krishnankutty R, Ahmad F, Mateo JM, Uddin S, Korashy HM. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Promotes Cell Growth, Stemness Like Characteristics, and Metastasis in Human Ovarian Cancer via Activation of PI3K/Akt, β-Catenin, and Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Pathways. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(12):6395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126395
Chicago/Turabian StyleTherachiyil, Lubna, Roopesh Krishnankutty, Fareed Ahmad, Jericha M. Mateo, Shahab Uddin, and Hesham M. Korashy. 2022. "Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Promotes Cell Growth, Stemness Like Characteristics, and Metastasis in Human Ovarian Cancer via Activation of PI3K/Akt, β-Catenin, and Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Pathways" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 12: 6395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126395