What Can We Learn from -Omics Approaches to Understand Clubroot Disease?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. How to Integrate -Omics Data into the Life Cycle of Plasmodiophora brassicae
3. What Has Been Compared?
4. Plasmodiophora brassicae Genomes across the Globe
4.1. Effector Candidates
Effector | Putative Annotated Function | Pathotype | Experimental Verification | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pro 1 (?) 1 | Protease | SSI 2 Williams 3 P3 | In vitro protease activity shown Treatment of plants resulted in better colonization | [70] |
PbBSMT | SABATH-type methyltransferase | SSI e3 NZ field isolate SSI Williams P3 | In vitro conversion of SA, BA, and AA to their methylester Transgenic A. thaliana plants are more susceptible to pathogens including P. brassicae and have higher Me-SA vs. SA content | [71,73,74] |
PbCyp3 (?) | Immunophilin | SSI e3 | Heterologous expression in Magnaporthe oryzae mutant restored virulence on rice | [72] |
PbRING1 | E3-ubiquitin ligase | SSI e3 | E3-ubiquitin ligase activity confirmed in vitro Heterologous expression in yeast confirmed signal peptide function | [76] |
PBZF1 | RxLR effector | Chinese field isolate Present in SSI e3 and other isolates from databases | Physical interaction with kinase SnRK1.1 Heterologous expression in A. thaliana caused plants to be more susceptible to P. brassicae | [77] |
SSPbP22 | Kinase | SSI Williams P3 | Kinase activity determined in vitro and protein modeling | [81] |
SSPbP53 | Cysteine protease inhibitor | SSI Williams P3 | Interaction with and inhibition of cruciferous papain-like cysteine protease A. thaliana mutant in CYSTEINE PEPTIDASE 1 more resistant to clubroot | [82] |
PbChiB2 PbChiB4 | Chitin-binding domain carbohydrate-binding module family 18 | SSI Williams P3 | Co-precipitation showed in vitro binding to spores of P. brassicae and chitin | [83] |
GPCR pathway | G-protein coupled receptor pathway | SSI ZJ-1 | Treatment with GPCR inhibitor resulted in reduced symptoms | [64] |
NUDIX_hydrolase | NUDIX effector | eH, Somé et al. based P1 | No experimental confirmation | [43] |
PbGH3 | IAA conjugating enzyme | SSI e3 | In vitro conjugation of IAA to various amino acids | [27] |
Indole-3-acetic acid dehydrogenase | Indole-3-acetic acid dehydrogenase | CCD based P5X | No experimental confirmation; Predicted function in IAA synthesis | [79] |
Chitin synthase | Chitin synthase | SSI e3 | Sequence prediction | [27] |
PbTPS 4 | Trehalose-P-synthase | SSI e3 | Indirect by identification of trehalose in resting spores | [87] |
4.2. Genomes from Host Plants Can Be Used for Functional Analyses
4.3. Methylome and Epigenetic Regulations
5. Transcriptome and Posttranscriptional Regulations
5.1. miRNAs
5.2. Nutrition
5.3. Cell biology and Growth Promoting Hormones
5.4. Defense Responses and Defense Signals
6. Proteomes of Plasmodiophora brassicae Inoculated Tissues
7. Metabolome Analyses of Plasmodiophora brassicae Inoculated Tissues
8. Potential Role for the Microbiome
9. Status of Other Plasmodiophorid Genomes
10. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Method | Achievement | Reference |
---|---|---|
(Random) PCR cloning | Genomic DNA (fragments) | [28] Bulman 2007 |
Subtractive cDNA library | 76 gene sequences from P. brassicae | [23,28] |
Suppressive subtractive cDNA library | Ca 60 P. brassicae sequences | [25,26] |
Dot blot and qPCR | Larger-scale expression profile of >100 genes during primary and secondary zoospore development | [29] |
Microarray 1 | Role of cytokinins Early infection Partial resistance | [2,30,31] |
Laser capture microdissection coupled to microarray | Role of brassinosteroids | [32] |
RNAseq 1 | Host plant genes P. brassicae genes | [5,20,33,34,35] |
miRNA expression | Host plant | [36] |
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Ludwig-Müller, J. What Can We Learn from -Omics Approaches to Understand Clubroot Disease? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 6293. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116293
Ludwig-Müller J. What Can We Learn from -Omics Approaches to Understand Clubroot Disease? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(11):6293. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116293
Chicago/Turabian StyleLudwig-Müller, Jutta. 2022. "What Can We Learn from -Omics Approaches to Understand Clubroot Disease?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 11: 6293. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116293