Insights into Metabolite Diagnostic Biomarkers for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Metabolomic Analysis in an Animal Model of Fatigue
2.1. Rat Model of Fatigue
2.2. Rat model of Excess Fatigue
2.3. Rat Model Generated under a Stress Environment to Induce Fatigue
3. Metabolomic Analysis in Patients with ME/CFS
3.1. Metabolomic Analysis Using Human Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples
3.2. Metabolomic Analysis Using Human Urine Samples
3.3. Metabolomic Analysis Using Human Blood Samples
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Animal Model | Sample Source | Major Biochemical Pathways | References |
---|---|---|---|
Rat model of excess fatigue | Plasma | Arginine and proline metabolism Fatty acid transportation and lipid catabolism Phenylalanine metabolism Lecithin metabolism | Zhang et al., 2010 [29] |
Urine | Arginine metabolism Protein catabolism Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis | ||
Rat model of fatigue | Plasma | Branched-chain amino acid metabolism Urea cycle Proline metabolism TCA cycle | Kume et al., 2015 [28] |
Rat model generated under a stress environment to induce fatigue | Urine | TCA cycle Alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism Steroid hormone biosynthesis | Shao et al., 2017 [32] |
Sample Source | Major Biochemical Pathways | References |
---|---|---|
Ventricular cerebrospinal fluid | Glycolysis | Murrough et al., 2010 [36] Shungu et al., 2012 [38] Natelson et al., 2017 [37] |
Urine | Glycolysis | Armstrong et al., 2015 [45] |
Plasma | Tricarboxylic acid cycle Urea cycle | Yamano et al., 2016 [33] |
Amino acid metabolism Taurine metabolism Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism Pentose phosphate pathway Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis Citrate cycle Starch and sucrose metabolism Galactose metabolism Pyruvate metabolism Purine metabolism Lipid metabolism | Germain et al., 2017 [47] | |
Energy metabolism Choline-carnitine pathway Lipid metabolism | Nagy-Szakal et al., 2018 [30] | |
Amino acid metabolism Tricarboxylic acid cycle Pyrimidine metabolism Purine metabolism | Germain et al., 2018 [51] | |
Amino acid metabolism Lipid metabolism Xenobiotics | Germain et al., 2020 [52] | |
Serum | Amino acid metabolism | Fluge et al., 2016 [50] |
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Yamano, E.; Watanabe, Y.; Kataoka, Y. Insights into Metabolite Diagnostic Biomarkers for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 3423. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073423
Yamano E, Watanabe Y, Kataoka Y. Insights into Metabolite Diagnostic Biomarkers for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(7):3423. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073423
Chicago/Turabian StyleYamano, Emi, Yasuyoshi Watanabe, and Yosky Kataoka. 2021. "Insights into Metabolite Diagnostic Biomarkers for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7: 3423. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073423