Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Inhibits Candida Biofilm Formation, Increases Susceptibility to Antifungal Agents and Reduces Infection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. A. triphylla var. japonica Did Not Inhibit the Fungal Growth
2.2. A. triphylla var. japonica Extract Inhibited the Biofilm Formation of Candida
2.3. A. triphylla var. japonica Extract Increased the Susceptibility of Antifungal Agents against C. albicans
2.4. A. triphylla var. japonica Blocked the Dimorphic Transition from Yeast to Hyphae Form
2.5. A. triphylla var. japonica Extract Eeduced Fungal Adherence to the HaCaT Cells
2.6. A. triphylla var. japonica Extract did Not Affect the Growth of Human Originated Cell
2.7. A. triphylla var. japonica Extract Inhibited the Expression of Biofilm Formation and Infection-Related Genes
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Fungal Strains Used in This Study
4.2. Extraction of A. triphylla var. japonica
4.3. Growth Curve Assay
4.4. Biofilm Formation Assay
4.5. Antifungal Activity Assay
4.6. Dimorphic Transition Assay
4.7. Candida Adherence Assay
4.8. MTT Assay
4.9. qRT-PCR Analysis
4.10. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Strain | IC50 (Half Maximal Inhibitory Concentration) |
---|---|
C. albicans | 6.25 µg/mL |
C. tropicalis var. tropicalis | 25 μg/mL |
C. parapsilosis var. parapsilosis | 6.25 μg/mL |
C. glabrata | 6.25 μg/mL |
C. tropicalis | 25 μg/mL |
C. parapsilosis | 50 μg/mL |
Strain | Description | Source |
---|---|---|
C. albicans | KCTC 7965 | Purchased form KCTC (Korean Collection for Type of Cultures) or KACC (Korean Agriculture Culture Collection) |
C. tropicalis var. tropicalis | KCTC17762 | |
C. parapsilosis var. parapsilosis | KACC45480 | |
C. glabrata | KCTC7219 | |
C. tropicalis | KCTC7212 | |
C. parapsilosis | KACC49573 |
Genes | Primer Sequence | Gene Function | References |
---|---|---|---|
ACT1 | F: TAGGTTTGGAAGCTGCTGG R: CCTGGGAACATGGTAGTAC | Control | [8] |
CAN2 | F: GCGGAATGGATATGCATGGG R: CGGATTGCTCTTGGAGAAGC | Biofilm formation | In this study |
EHT1 | F: TCGGAAAGCTTGGTGAAAGC R: ATTTGGCCAAAGCAGGACTC | Biofilm formation | In this study |
TPO4 | F: GCGGAATGGATATGCATGGG R: CGGATTGCTCTTGGAGAAGC | Biofilm formation | In this study |
OPT7 | F: TTGATCCCAGCTGCCAAATG R: TGGCCCAAGTTCTTCGTATC | Biofilm formation | In this study |
CYR1 | F: GTTTCCCCCACCACTCA R: TTGCGGTAATGACACAACAG | Ras1-cAMP-Efg1 pathway | [8] |
EFG1 | F: TTGAGATGTTGCGGCAGGAT R: ACTGGACAGACAGCAGGAC | Ras1-cAMP-Efg1 pathway | [8] |
HST7 | F: GCCAGTATGGTCGGAGGAT R: ACATAGGCATCGTCTTCGTC | MAP kinases pathway | [8] |
RAS1 | F: GAGGTGGTGGTGTTGGTA R: TCTTCTTGTCCAGCAGTATC | Ras1-cAMP-Efg1 pathway | [8] |
TEC1 | F: GCACTGGCTTCAAGCTCAAA R: GCTGCTGCACCAAGTTCTG | Extracellular matrix | [8] |
ALS3 | F: GGTTATCGTCCATTTGTTG R: TTCTGTATCCAGTCCATCT | Hyphal-specific genes | [8] |
ECE1 | F: ACAGTTTCCAGGACGCCAT R: ATTGTTGCTCGTGTTGCCA | Hyphal-specific genes | [8] |
HWP1 | F: ACAGGTAGACGGTCAAGG R: GGGTAATCATCACATGGTTC | Ras1-cAMP-Efg1 pathway | [8] |
PBR1 | F: TGTTGCTGCTGGTTCTGATG R: GGTGGCAGATTTGGATTACC | Hyphal-specific genes | [8] |
PGA50 | F: ATTTCGAAGGGTGCAACTGC R: AAGCACTGCAATGGGAGTTG | Hyphal-specific genes | In this study |
ADH5 | F: ACCTGCAAGGGCTCATTCTG R: CGGCTCTCAACTTCTCCATA | Extracellular matrix | [8] |
CSH1 | F: CGTGAGGACGAGAGAGAAT R: CGAATGGACGACACAAAACA | Extracellular matrix | [8] |
GSC1 | F: CCCATTCTCTAGGCACGA R: ATCAACAACCACTTGCTTCG | Extracellular matrix | [8] |
ZAP1 | F: ATCTGTCCAGTGTTGTTTGTA R: AGGTCTCTTTGAAAGTTGTG | Extracellular matrix | [8] |
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Kim, D.; Kim, K.-Y. Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Inhibits Candida Biofilm Formation, Increases Susceptibility to Antifungal Agents and Reduces Infection. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12523. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212523
Kim D, Kim K-Y. Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Inhibits Candida Biofilm Formation, Increases Susceptibility to Antifungal Agents and Reduces Infection. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(22):12523. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212523
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Daseul, and Ki-Young Kim. 2021. "Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Inhibits Candida Biofilm Formation, Increases Susceptibility to Antifungal Agents and Reduces Infection" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22: 12523. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212523