Optimization, Characterization and Pharmacokinetic Study of Meso-Tetraphenylporphyrin Metal Complex-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Optimization of Process Parameters for NP Preparation
2.2. Loading Content
2.3. Particle Size
2.4. Optimization
2.5. Analysis of the MeP-NPs
2.6. Morphology
2.7. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Study
2.8. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
2.9. Interactions between PLGA and MeP
2.10. Hemolytic Activity Study
2.11. In Vitro Drug Release
2.12. In Vitro Cytotoxicity of MeP and MeP-NPs
2.13. ROS Formation Analysis
2.14. Acute Toxicity Analysis
2.15. In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Study
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Synthesis of MeP
3.3. Preparation of Nanoparticles
3.4. Box–Behnken Experimental Design
3.5. Characterization of NPs
3.5.1. Encapsulation Efficiency (EE) and MeP Loading Content (LC)
3.5.2. Size (PS), Zeta Potential, and Polydispersity Index (PDI) Measurement
3.5.3. Nanoparticle Morphology
3.5.4. X-ray Diffraction Study (XRD)
3.5.5. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
3.6. In Vitro Release Study
3.7. Interactions between PLGA and MeP
3.8. Hemolytic Activity Study
3.9. Cell Culture
3.10. Cytotoxicity Assay on MCF-7, SK-OV-3, and HeLa Cells
3.11. Intracellular ROS Measurement
3.12. Acute Toxicity Analysis
3.13. In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Study
3.14. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Independent Variable | Dependent Variable | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
X1 | X2 | X3 | Y1 | Y2 | |
1 | −1 | 0 | −1 | 4.6 ± 0.2 | 395.0 ± 4.2 |
2 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 13.5 ± 0.5 | 376.3 ± 9.7 |
3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 350.3 ± 6.8 |
4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 272.0 ± 4.1 |
5 | −1 | 1 | 0 | 6.7 ± 0.4 | 372.1 ± 6.6 |
6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.2 ± 0.3 | 370.2 ± 3.7 |
7 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2.6 ± 0.4 | 453.5 ± 9.6 |
8 | 0 | −1 | 1 | 5.3 ± 0.7 | 434.8 ± 11.3 |
9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.0 ± 0.5 | 338.2 ± 5.8 |
10 | 1 | 0 | −1 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 557.1 ± 7.3 |
11 | 1 | −1 | 0 | 4.8 ± 0.8 | 337.6 ± 4.9 |
12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 346.7 ± 8.3 |
13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 299.9 ± 2.2 |
14 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 19.9 ± 0.4 | 341.2 ± 5.5 |
15 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 418.7 ± 4.2 |
16 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 408.7 ± 2.2 |
17 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 4.3 ± 0.7 | 700.4 ± 19.8 |
Models | R2 | Adjusted R2 | F-Value | p-Value Prob > F |
---|---|---|---|---|
Response Y1 (NiTPP loading content, %) | ||||
Linear | 0.5590 | 0.4572 | 215.08 | <0.0001 |
2FI | 0.6943 | 0.5109 | 223.43 | <0.0001 |
Quadratic | 0.9049 | 0.7827 | 138.07 | 0.0002 |
Response Y2 (particle size, nm) | ||||
Linear | 0.2887 | 0.1246 | 19.04 | 0.0061 |
2FI | 0.5068 | 0.2110 | 19.60 | 0.0062 |
Quadratic | 0.8258 | 0.6019 | 12.98 | 0.0158 |
MeP | Conditions | Responses | Observed Data | Predicted Data | Relative Error, % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NiTPP-NPs | X1: 5 mg X2: 1.47% X3: 1:7 Desirability 0.835 | Y1, % | 11.1 | 10.1 | −9.9 |
Y2, nm | 322.9 | 296.9 | −8.8 | ||
CoTPP-NPs | X1: 7.2 mg X2: 2% X3: 1:5 Desirability 0.750 | Y1, % | 8.7 | 10.3 | 15.2 |
Y2, nm | 344.5 | 410.5 | 16.1 | ||
MnClTPP-NPs | X1: 5 mg X2: 1.42% X3: 1:5.6 Desirability 0.837 | Y1, % | 28.9 | 22.6 | −27.8 |
Y2, nm | 205.2 | 247.4 | 17.1 |
MeP | LC, % | EE, % | PS, nm | Zeta Potential, mV | PDI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NiTPP-NPs | 11.1 ± 0.6 | 24.1 ± 0.9 | 322.9 ± 9.7 | −14.7 ± 1.7 | 0.172 |
CoTPP-NPs | 8.7 ± 0.4 | 79.7 ± 2.2 | 344.5 ± 15.6 | −10.7 ± 2.3 | 0.191 |
MnClTPP-NPs | 28.9 ± 1.6 | 79.9 ± 1.8 | 205.2 ± 10.2 | +18.1 ± 1.6 | 0.140 |
MeP | NiTPP | CoTPP | MnClTPP |
---|---|---|---|
Kd | 0.2 × 10−3 | 0.2 × 10−3 | 10 × 10−3 |
EE, % | 24.2 | 79.7 | 79.9 |
LC, % | 11.1 | 8.7 | 28.9 |
Scheme | Concentration, mg/mL | Hemolysis, % |
---|---|---|
blank NPs | 25 | 3.8 |
2.5 | 1.4 | |
0.25 | 0.8 | |
NiTPP-NPs | 25 | 6.5 |
2.5 | 2.2 | |
0.25 | 0.3 | |
CoTPP-NPs | 25 | 3.3 |
2.5 | 1.3 | |
0.25 | 0.3 | |
MnClTPP-NPs | 25 | 107.5 |
2.5 | 102.5 | |
0.25 | 88.1 | |
0.09 | 23.4 | |
0.009 | 1.8 |
MeP | Mathematical Model | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zero Order | First Order | Higuchi | Hixson-Crowell | Korsmeyer–Peppas | |
R2 | R2 | R2 | R2 | R2 | |
NiTPP-NPs | −10.1967 | 0.7965 | −7.4722 | −8.4886 | 0.9948 |
CoTPP-NPs | −5.7916 | 0.6060 | −3.5087 | −4.2651 | 0.9876 |
MnClTPP-NPs | −2.8711 | 0.0180 | −1.3010 | −1.8479 | 0.9763 |
Dose, mg/kg | Formulation (Mice Survived) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NiTPP | CoTPP | MnClTPP | NiTPP-NPs | CoTPP-NPs | MnClTPP-NPs | |
6.25 | 3/3 | 3/3 | 3/3 | - | - | - |
12.5 | 3/3 | 3/3 | 3/3 | - | - | - |
25 | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 | - | - | - |
50 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 2/3 | - | - | - |
100 | - | - | - | 3/3 | 3/3 | 3/3 |
200 | - | - | - | 3/3 | 3/3 | 3/3 |
Parameters | Formulations | Units | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MnClTPP | MnClTPP-NPs | CoTPP | CoTPP-NPs | NiTPP | NiTPP-NPs | ||
AUCinf | 15,362 ± 5377 | 9362 ± 3745 * | 60,370 ± 18,111 | 1406 ± 211 * | 612 ± 184 | 1133 ± 453 | (µg/mL) * (h) |
Vd | 0.013 ± 0.004 | 0.188 ± 0.066 * | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 3.083 ± 0.462 * | 2.683 ± 0.805 | 2.614 ± 0.915 | L/kg |
t1/2 | 44 ± 14 | 37 ± 14 * | 17 ± 4 | 33 ± 5 * | 19 ± 6 | 24 ± 8 | h |
MRT | 62 ± 21 | 53 ± 21 * | 27 ± 7 | 66 ± 8 * | 25 ± 6 | 45 ± 16 | h |
Variation Factors | Levels | ||
---|---|---|---|
Low | High | ||
X1 | PLGA, mg | 5 | 45 |
X2 | PVA, % | 0.5 | 2 |
X3 | O/W (v/v) | 0.05 | 0.2 |
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Mollaeva, M.R.; Yabbarov, N.; Sokol, M.; Chirkina, M.; Mollaev, M.D.; Zabolotskii, A.; Seregina, I.; Bolshov, M.; Kaplun, A.; Nikolskaya, E. Optimization, Characterization and Pharmacokinetic Study of Meso-Tetraphenylporphyrin Metal Complex-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12261. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212261
Mollaeva MR, Yabbarov N, Sokol M, Chirkina M, Mollaev MD, Zabolotskii A, Seregina I, Bolshov M, Kaplun A, Nikolskaya E. Optimization, Characterization and Pharmacokinetic Study of Meso-Tetraphenylporphyrin Metal Complex-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(22):12261. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212261
Chicago/Turabian StyleMollaeva, Mariia R., Nikita Yabbarov, Maria Sokol, Margarita Chirkina, Murad D. Mollaev, Artur Zabolotskii, Irina Seregina, Mikhail Bolshov, Alexander Kaplun, and Elena Nikolskaya. 2021. "Optimization, Characterization and Pharmacokinetic Study of Meso-Tetraphenylporphyrin Metal Complex-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22: 12261. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212261