Cryopreservation of Gametes and Embryos and Their Molecular Changes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Vitrification and Slow-Freezing Procedures
2.1. General Principles
2.2. Effects of Cryopreservation in Germ Cells and Embryos
3. Molecular Alterations in Cryopreserved Embryos
3.1. Cellular Changes in Embryos
3.2. Proteomic Changes
3.3. Epigenetic Changes in Embryos
3.4. Transcriptomic and Genomic Changes in Embryos
3.5. Offspring Changes in Embryos
4. Molecular Alterations in Cryopreserved Oocytes
4.1. Cellular Changes in Oocytes
4.2. Proteomic Changes in Oocytes
4.3. Epigenetic Changes in Oocytes
4.4. Transcriptomic and Genomic Changes in Oocytes
5. Molecular Alterations in Cryopreserved Sperm
5.1. Cellular and Proteomic Changes in Sperm
5.2. Epigenetic Changes in Sperm
5.3. Genetic and Transcriptomic Changes in Sperm
6. Perspectives
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Estudillo, E.; Jiménez, A.; Bustamante-Nieves, P.E.; Palacios-Reyes, C.; Velasco, I.; López-Ornelas, A. Cryopreservation of Gametes and Embryos and Their Molecular Changes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 10864. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910864
Estudillo E, Jiménez A, Bustamante-Nieves PE, Palacios-Reyes C, Velasco I, López-Ornelas A. Cryopreservation of Gametes and Embryos and Their Molecular Changes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(19):10864. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910864
Chicago/Turabian StyleEstudillo, Enrique, Adriana Jiménez, Pablo Edson Bustamante-Nieves, Carmen Palacios-Reyes, Iván Velasco, and Adolfo López-Ornelas. 2021. "Cryopreservation of Gametes and Embryos and Their Molecular Changes" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 19: 10864. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910864