Next Article in Journal
Role of HSP90 in Cancer
Previous Article in Journal
Towards Understanding the Genetic Nature of Vasovagal Syncope
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
IJMS
Volume 22
Issue 19
10.3390/ijms221910314
ijms-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Arabidopsis LSH8 Positively Regulates ABA Signaling by Changing the Expression Pattern of ABA-Responsive Proteins

by
Jinpeng Zou
1,2,3,†,
Zhifang Li
3,†,
Haohao Tang
3,†,
Li Zhang
2,3,
Jingdu Li
1,
Yuhong Li
3,
Nan Yao
3,
Yaxing Li
3,
Deguang Yang
1,* and
Zecheng Zuo
2,3,*
1
College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
2
Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
3
Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this paper.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(19), 10314; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910314
Submission received: 19 August 2021 / Revised: 19 September 2021 / Accepted: 23 September 2021 / Published: 25 September 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Plant Sciences)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Phytohormone ABA regulates the expression of numerous genes to significantly affect seed dormancy, seed germination and early seedling responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the function of many ABA-responsive genes remains largely unknown. In order to improve the ABA-related signaling network, we conducted a large-scale ABA phenotype screening. LSH, an important transcription factor family, extensively participates in seedling development and floral organogenesis in plants, but whether its family genes are involved in the ABA signaling pathway has not been reported. Here we describe a new function of the transcription factor LSH8 in an ABA signaling pathway. In this study, we found that LSH8 was localized in the nucleus, and the expression level of LSH8 was significantly induced by exogenous ABA at the transcription level and protein level. Meanwhile, seed germination and root length measurements revealed that lsh8 mutant lines were ABA insensitive, whereas LSH8 overexpression lines showed an ABA-hypersensitive phenotype. With further TMT labeling quantitative proteomic analysis, we found that under ABA treatment, ABA-responsive proteins (ARPs) in the lsh8 mutant presented different changing patterns with those in wild-type Col4. Additionally, the number of ARPs contained in the lsh8 mutant was 397, six times the number in wild-type Col4. In addition, qPCR analysis found that under ABA treatment, LSH8 positively mediated the expression of downstream ABA-related genes of ABI3, ABI5, RD29B and RAB18. These results indicate that in Arabidopsis, LSH8 is a novel ABA regulator that could specifically change the expression pattern of APRs to positively mediate ABA responses.

1. Introduction

As a sessile organism, plants need to undergo a complex internal regulation mechanism and environmental signal regulation to survive in adverse and changeable environments [1]. Phytohormone ABA is an important signaling regulator that plays a crucial role in mediating seed germination and maturation, seedling growth, stomatal movement, flowering and stress responses [1,2]. For example, ABA can regulate seed dormancy to prevent premature germination of seeds under stress conditions so that the seeds are able to germinate under suitable conditions, improving the germination rate [3]. These important functions of ABA are derived from the sophisticated regulatory network of ABA [4].
Current research demonstrates that the ABA signaling network in Arabidopsis includes five important components: ABA receptors with PYR1-like (PYL) components, negative regulator type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2C), positive regulator SNF1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2), transcription factors of basic leucine zippers (bZIP) and ABA-responsive genes [5]. The signal transduction of ABA in plants occurs in the following pathways. When ABA is deficient, PP2C with phosphatase activity dephosphorylates SnRK2 to inhibit the expression of downstream ABA-responsive genes activated by SnRK2, while in the presence of ABA, the complex of ABA binding to PYR/PYL/RCAR receptors inhibits the phosphatase activity of PP2C, from which SnRK2 is released. The released SnRK2 phosphorylates the downstream transcription factors ABI3/ABI4/ABI5 and ABA-response element binding factors (ABFs), thereby activating the expression of ABA-responsive genes [4,6,7,8,9,10,11]. Numerous previous studies have shown that a large number of transcription factors in the ABA signaling pathway play an indispensable role. For example, ABI3 is a B3-type transcription factor, and ABI5 is a bZIP transcription factor, both of which mediate ABA-induced inhibition of seed germination and initial seedling growth to participate in ABA signal transduction at the seedling stage [12,13,14]. Their loss-of-function mutation leads to the weakening of the inhibitory effect of ABA on seed germination [13,15]. Exogenous ABA significantly induces the expression of ABI5, the overexpression lines of which show a hypersensitivity phenotype to ABA during seed germination and early seedling development [16]. Furthermore, ABI5, as a bZIP transcription factor, can bind to the ABA binding response element (ABRE) in the promoter region of the target genes to activate the target genes’ expression [17]. Additionally, ABF1, ABF2/AREB1, ABF3, ABF4/AREB2 and other transcription factors have been reported to play important roles in the ABA signaling network [18,19], and after the phosphorylation caused by activated SnRK2, ABF/AREB directly binds to the promoter of stress response genes (such as RD29A and RD29B) to stimulate its transcriptional activity under stress conditions [19,20,21]. These reports suggest that a large number of transcription factors play an important role in the highly complex signaling network of ABA.
LSH is a family of transcription factors with diversified functions, the members of which, in turn, are named LSH1-LSH10. LIGHT-DEPENDENT SHORT HYPOCOTYLS 1 (LSH1 was first found in Arabidopsis in 2004 [22], the overexpression of which can enhance the light response of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings and show an obvious short hypocotyl phenotype. All members of the LSH family have a highly conserved Domain of Unknown Function 640 (DUF640) domain, which is also called the Arabidopsis LSH1 and Oryza G1 (ALOG) domain in the Pfam protein database [22,23]. The DUF640/ALOG domain contains four all-α helices, the additional insertion of a zinc ribbon and a nuclear location signal (NLS) [24]. Proteins with the DUF640/ALOG domain comprise a class of specific transcription factors in plants, with characteristics of binding DNA sequence specificity, transcriptional regulation activity, nuclear localization and homodimer formation, and control plant growth and development in many aspects. Therefore, transcription factor proteins with such a domain often have specific functions [23,25,26,27]. Studies have found that LSH1 inhibits hypocotyl length in Arabidopsis thaliana in a light-dependent manner. The expression of LSH3 and LSH4 in the cells of various lateral organs, such as the cotyledon, the leaf and the flower organ, inhibits the differentiation of the boundary organ [25,28,29]. LSH9 interacts with the temperature sensor ELF3 to regulate hypocotyl elongation [30,31]. In addition, proteins of the LSH family can regulate inflorescence structure and flower organ development in other plant species [32]. LSH family genes extensively participate in different biological processes in plants, but whether its family genes participate in plant stress response remains unknown.
In this study, we first reported that LSH8, a member of the LSH family, participates in the ABA signaling pathway as a positive regulator during seed germination and seedling growth and development of Arabidopsis. With further quantitative proteomic analysis, we found that under ABA treatment, LSH8 specifically regulates the expression patterns of a series of important ABA-related proteins, resulting in an ABA-hypersensitive phenotype of its loss-of-function mutation. The above results reveal the critical role of LSH8 in the ABA signaling pathway, providing a novel direction for LSH family genes to participate in the stress signaling pathway.

2. Results

2.1. LSH8 Regulates Seed Germination and the Elongation of Primary and Lateral Root

LSH family genes are reported to be expressed in hypocotyl and flower organs. They are important for the growth and development of plants, but their function in the hormone signaling network remains unknown. To understand the function of LSH8 in the ABA signaling pathway, we obtained 35S::LUC-LSH8 overexpression lines LSH8-#2 and LSH8-#5, lsh8 mutant lines lsh8-1 (SALK_024841) and lsh8-2 (CS845710). Gene expression analysis confirmed that the expression of LSH8 significantly decreased in lsh8 mutant lines and markedly increased in LSH8 overexpression lines, compared with wild-type Col4 (Figure S1). Through phenotypic analysis, we found that without ABA treatment, the seed germination of different genotypes was almost identical, while with 0.5 µM ABA treatment, the seed germination of Col4 was inhibited, and that of LSH8 overexpression lines LSH8-#2 and LSH8-#5 was strongly inhibited. However, ABA inhibition on the seed germination of lsh8 mutant lines lsh8-1 and lsh8-2 were obviously attenuated. Thus, LSH8 overexpression lines were recognized as ABA sensitive and lsh8 mutant lines insensitive (Figure 1A). As the seed germination is under the joint regulation of the hormones ABA and GA, during which GA promotes seed germination, presenting the opposite effect of ABA, we used GA biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PAC) to verify the LSH8 phenotype and found that under the PAC treatment condition, the seed germination of different genotypes was identical to that under ABA treatment. At the same time, we applied an appropriate amount of GA on ABA treatment conditions, the result of which showed that GA could weaken the inhibitory effect of ABA on seed germination (Figure 1A). To summarize, the above results indicate that ABA and GA simultaneously participate in the process of seed germination. More importantly, we identified a new positive regulator LSH8 in the ABA signaling pathway. Further statistical results of germination rate showed that under either ABA or PAC treatment, the germination rate of lsh8 mutant lines was significantly higher than that of Col4, while the germination rate of LSH8 overexpression lines was significantly lower. Additionally, under ABA treatment with a moderate amount of GA, the seed germination rate of LSH8 overexpression lines and lsh8 mutant lines was improved (Figure 1B).
Since the LSH8-mediated ABA signaling pathway participates in the regulation of seed germination, whether LSH8 is involved in ABA-mediated seedling root elongation is another issue of concern. After growing on 1/2 MS medium without ABA for 4 days, the seeds of different genotypes were transferred to 1/2 MS medium with ABA for another 4 days. The root length phenotype and root length measurements showed that when compared with wild-type Col4, the primary roots of the overexpression lines LSH8-#2 and LSH8-#5 were significantly shorter, but the primary roots of mutant lines lsh8-1 and lsh8-2 were significantly longer, and their lateral roots were obviously increasing (Figure 1C,D), showing that LSH8 promotes ABA’s effect on inhibiting the primary root elongation and lateral root development.

2.2. The Prediction of Upstream Element of LSH8 and the Expression of LSH8 Regulated by ABA

In the ABA signaling pathway, ABREs can be recognized by specific transcription factors to activate the expression of ABA downstream related response genes. Most of the promoter region of ABA response genes contains conserved G-box-like cis-elements, ABREs (PyACGTGG/TC). Previous studies have shown that genes successfully activated and expressed by ABA require multiple ABREs or one ABRE bound to several coupling elements (CEs). Analyzing the data of PlantCare, we found that the promoter region of LSH8 contained two ABREs and one G-box element (Figure S2).
With ePlant (http://bar.utoronto.ca/eplant (accessed on 25 August 2020)), we predicted that LSH8 was localized in the nucleus. Further protoplast subcellular localization experiment showed that LSH8 was localized in the nucleus (Figure 2A). Additionally, to analyze the LSH8 expression in different tissues, we detected the root, the stem, the leaf, the flower and the silique of Arabidopsis by qPCR, the result of which showed that the highest expression of LSH8 happened in the flower and the silique and the lowest in the stem (Figure 2B). Previous studies have found that PhLSH7b of petunia, a homologous gene of LSH8 in Arabidopsis, regulates plant flowering, but the function of LSH8 in Arabidopsis is still unknown. To study the function of LSH8, we checked the public microarray data (http://bar.utoronto.ca/efp/cgi-bin/efpWeb.cgi (accessed on 13 September 2020)) and found that the expression of LSH8 may be affected by ABA during seed germination. To confirm this expression pattern, we detected the changes in the transcriptional level and protein level of LSH8 in wild-type Col4 under ABA treatment. The results showed that the transcriptional level of LSH8 started to have a gradual decrease after 1.5 h of ABA treatment (Figure 2C). With additional Luciferase assay and Western blot detection, we found that the protein level of LSH8 from LSH8 overexpression lines also showed a downtrend under ABA treatment (Figure 2D,E). The above results indicated that ABA inhibited the expression of LSH8 at both transcriptional and protein levels.

2.3. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis

In the above experiments, we found that LSH8 overexpression lines showed an ABA-hypersensitive phenotype, and lsh8 mutant lines showed an ABA-insensitive phenotype. For a further study of LSH8 function in the ABA signaling network, we conducted TMT-based proteomic analysis (Figure 3A, Tables S2 and S3). By comparing with the Arabidopsis thaliana.TAIR 10.31.pep.all database, we found that 76,295 peptides were identified in Col4, including 63,166 specific peptides, corresponding to 9161 proteins (Figure S3A); 75,452 peptides were identified in the lsh8 mutant, including 62,555 specific peptides, corresponding to 9116 proteins (Figure S3D). More than 79% of the 9161 proteins identified in Col4 contained more than two unique peptides, and more than 80% of the 9116 proteins identified in the lsh8 mutant contained more than two unique peptides (Figure S3B,E). The protein coverage rates of the proteins identified in Col4 and the lsh8 mutant with the size of 1–10 kDa, 10–20 kDa, 20–30 kDa, 30–40 kDa, 40–50 kDa, 50–60 kDa, 60–70 kDa, 70–80 kDa, 80–90 kDa, 90–100 kDa and > 100 kDa were 1%, 8%, 14%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 9%, 6%, 5%, 3% and 10%, respectively, and the most identified proteins were in the range of 20–80 kDa (Figure S3C,F). Additionally, we found that the Pearson correlation coefficient of the three biological replicates in the proteome experiment was more than 0.99, indicating the repeatability of our experiment (Figure S4A–D). Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the contribution ratios of PC1 and PC2 were 58.22% and 1.47%, respectively. Samples of different materials were distributed differentially on PC1 and PC2 under different treatment conditions, certifying the diversity of the experimental materials and the variability of experimental treatment conditions (Figure S4E). We next defined the proteins with the expression fold-change ratio >1.3 or <0.77 and p < 0.05 as ABA-responsive proteins (ARPs). According to these two criteria of fold-change ratio and p-value, we identified 263 ARPs in Col4, including 60 upregulated and 203 downregulated, and in the lsh8 mutant, we identified 636 ARPs, of which 428 were upregulated and 208 downregulated (Figure S4F). To classify and describe these ARPs in detail, we used a scatterplot and heatmap to present the specific distribution of ARPs (Figure S5).

2.4. Functional Analysis of ARPs

We obtained the expression patterns of 8258 proteins with ABA treatment, which fell into two classes: Class I was of specific quantified proteins in Col4 and the lsh8 mutant, and Class II was of Col4, and the lsh8 mutant shared quantified proteins with different ABA expression patterns (Tables S4 and S5).
In Class I, 603 proteins (7%) were specifically quantified in Col4, 620 proteins (8%) were specifically quantified in the lsh8 mutant, and 7035 proteins (85%) were shared quantified in Col4 and the lsh8 mutant (Figure 3B). Among the specifically quantified proteins, 34 ARPs were specifically quantified in Col4, just half the number of ARPs specifically quantified in the lsh8 mutant, that is 72 ARPs (Figure 3C). We then figured that the ARPs especially quantified in Col4 and the lsh8 mutant were ARPs specifically regulated by LSH8, being involved in ABA-responsive pathway and seed growth and development pathway (Figure 3D,E), and among which the expression patterns of some important ABA-related proteins were identified to change (Figure 3F,G).
In Class II, we divided 7035 proteins shared quantified in Col4 and the lsh8 mutant into four groups: ARPs shared regulated by Col4 and the lsh8 mutant, ARPs specifically regulated by Col4, ARPs specifically regulated by lsh8 mutant, and proteins neither regulated by both (Figure 4A). There were altogether 626 ARPs regulated by Col4 and the lsh8 mutant. Among them, 167 ARPs (27%) were jointly regulated by Col4 and the lsh8 mutant, responding to ABA treatment but not specifically regulated by LSH8. With GO enrichment analysis, we identified that these ARPs participated in the ABA response pathway and regulated seed germination pathway (Figure 4B,C). Additionally, 62 (10%) ARPs among the total 626 ARPs were specifically regulated by Col4, and 397 (63%) ARPs were specifically regulated by the lsh8 mutant, six times higher than those regulated by Col4 (Figure 4B). The ARPs specifically regulated by Col4 and the lsh8 mutant, respectively, were ARPs specifically regulated by LSH8 under ABA treatment, which were found to be involved in the ABA response pathway, seed growth and germination pathway and seed dormancy pathway (Figure 4D,E). Simultaneously, the expression pattern of some important ABA-related proteins was specifically regulated by LSH8 was found to change (Figure 4F–H).
In addition, the results of our experiment showed that the ABA downstream response proteins ABI3, ABI5, RD29B and RAB18 exist in ARPs jointly regulated by Col4 and the lsh8 mutant, with different expression patterns. With a further qPCR analysis. We found that under ABA treatment, the expression of ABI3, ABI5, RD29B and RAB18 in the lsh8 mutant was lower than that in Col4 (Figure 5A), indicating that the expression of ABA downstream response genes will be affected in the loss-of-function mutation of LSH8. We then detected the expression of the 11 ARPs selected from the proteome at the transcriptional level, and the expression trend of 8 genes was consistent with the change of protein expression in the proteome (Figure 5B). Thus, we speculated that the variation of the expression pattern of these ABA-responsive genes results in the insensitive phenotype of the lsh8 mutant to ABA.

2.5. Interaction Network of LSH8-Specific ARPs

In order to clarify the interaction among ARP-regulated pathways in the lsh8 mutant, STRING analysis was used to generate an interaction network among the ABA-related proteins of the ARPs. With serious consideration, we selected 43 ARPs involved in the ABA signaling pathway in the lsh8 mutant for a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, including 30 upregulated and 13 downregulated, all of which were specifically regulated by LSH8. The PPI network analysis showed two independent PPIs (Figure 6). Proteins of HCA3, PDE334, PSI-P, PSAH2 and DHAR in the first PPI lay in the position of high connectivity and were regulated by ABA in the lsh8 mutant. Proteins of PAP85, CRU3, CRU2, CRA1 and LEA occupied the center of the second PPI, closely related to each other. Their expression was all reduced. All these results are consistent with previous results that genes such as LEA (AT2G21490), CRU2 and CRU3, CRA1 and PAP85 play an important role in maintaining seed dormancy.

3. Discussion

Phytohormone ABA is essential in regulating seed germination and early seedling growth and development [33]. The ABA regulatory network of plants is very complicated, and it mainly undergoes regulation on the transcriptional level and protein level [34]. Therefore, the identification of new regulatory factors in ABA signaling significantly improves this regulatory network. In this study, we found a new positive regulatory factor, LSH8, in the ABA signaling pathway.
In analyzing the phenotype of LSH8, we performed the ABA treatment with different concentrations and found a consistent result with previous research [35,36], showing that the ABA phenotype in LSH8 overexpression lines and lsh8 mutant lines is obvious under the treatment of 0.5 μM ABA. Previous studies have shown that ABA inhibits germination, while GA promotes germination [37,38,39]. To further verify the function of LSH8, we selected PAC, a GA synthesis inhibitor with the same effect as ABA, and conducted different PAC treatment concentrations simultaneously. We found that the PAC phenotype in LSH8 overexpression lines and lsh8 mutant lines was obvious under the treatment of 30 μM PAC, showing the same phenotype as that in ABA treatment. After the ABA treatment, we added an appropriate GA treatment and found that it weakened the inhibition of ABA on seed germination, regardless of phenotype or germination rate statistics (Figure 1A). This result indicates that phytohormone ABA and GA have an antagonistic effect on the function of seed germination. Our experiments verified the function of the positive regulatory factor LSH8 in the ABA signaling pathway. Furthermore, we speculated that LSH8 may also participate in the related functions of the GA signaling pathway, providing a new direction for future research on other functions of LSH8.
LSH8 is a member belonging to the family of LSH transcription factors in plants [22,24]. In this study, we found that ABRE elements exist in the promoter region of LSH8 (Figure S3A). ABRE element is the main cis-regulatory element of ABA-dependent gene expression, so it is speculated that LSH8 is involved in the ABA signaling pathway. In our study, the transcriptional level of LSH8 was regulated by ABA (Figure 2C). Furthermore, the protein level of LSH8 was also regulated by ABA (Figure 2D,E), and both transcriptional and protein levels decreased. However, lsh8 mutants showed an insensitive phenotype to ABA in seed germination, primary root and lateral root development (Figure 1A,C), revealing that LSH8 plays a positive regulatory role in ABA signaling. Therefore, under ABA treatment, the transcriptional and protein level of LSH8 may undergo negative feedback regulation. Previous studies have shown that ABRE-binding factors (ABFs) can combine with the promoter of PP2C to stimulate the expression of PP2C to negatively feedback regulate ABA signaling [40,41]. These studies have also found that ABI5 positively regulates the expression of MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1 (MFT), while MFT simultaneously inhibits the expression of ABI5 to negatively feedback regulate ABA signaling [42]. Thus, we speculated that a similar negative feedback regulation mechanism may also be found in LSH8 in the ABA signaling pathway, leading to the low expression level of LSH8 under ABA treatment. This provides a direction for the study of how LSH8 accurately acts on the ABA signaling pathway in the future.
Through quantitative proteomic analysis, we found that the lsh8 mutant and Col4 had different protein response patterns responding to ABA (Figure 3A and Figure 4A), which may be the key to LSH8’s involvement in the ABA signaling pathway. The shared ARPs, such as RD29A, RD29B, RD22 and RAB18, existed in Col4 and the lsh8 mutant. As downstream proteins in the ABA signaling pathway, these ARPs were often used as important marker proteins in plants responding to ABA [43,44,45]. We found that the content of these ARPs increased under ABA treatment, but the increased number of these ARPs in Col4 was significantly higher than that in the lsh8 mutant, indicating that some ARPs can still respond to ABA in the lsh8 mutant, albeit with the degree reduced. This result shows that LSH8 weakens the function of ABA-related proteins, rather than completely cutting off their functions.
We found 62 specific ARPs (Figure 4B) in Col4, among which 11 were previously reported proteins involved in the ABA signaling pathway, such as AFP2, AT3G53040 and GRP-3. The expression of AFP2, a negative regulator in the ABA pathway, increased under ABA induction [46] AT3G53040, a putative LEA protein, was induced by ABA to hinder seed germination and promote seed dormancy [47]. GRP-3 was also induced by ABA to regulate root length [48]. Consistent with previous reports, the protein levels of AFP2, AT3G53040 and GRP-3 were also found to be increased with the inducement of ABA in Col4, but the expression of these proteins in the lsh8 mutant was no longer induced by ABA—that is, proteins regulated by ABA under normal conditions are no longer affected by ABA due to LSH8 deficiency, which was speculated as one of the reasons for the decrease in the lsh8 mutants’ sensitivity to ABA. Furthermore, the change pattern of the other 52 unreported ARPs was also speculated as one of the reasons for the decrease in the lsh8 mutant’s sensitivity to ABA.
Some specific ARPs in the lsh8 mutant can be divided into two groups. The first contains seven ARPs specifically quantified by the lsh8 mutant, including AT1G61890, NAC019, DR4, CYTC, AT1G74840, NAC083 and ADC2 (Figure 3F). The other is constituted by the shared proteins quantified by Col4 and the lsh8 mutant, which are APRs only presenting their specificity in the lsh8 mutant (Figure 4H), indicating that LSH8 could inhibit the response of these proteins under ABA treatment. With GO enrichment analysis, we found that some proteins were directly involved in regulating the ABA pathway and the seed growth and development pathway, such as AZI1, which regulates the root length of Arabidopsis [49,50], responding to ABA after LSH8 deficiency. Other proteins involved in seed storage, such as LEA family proteins AT5G44310 and LEA (AT2G21490) [51], CRU2 and CRU3 [52,53,54,55,56], ATS3 [51,57], AT1G03890 [52] and CRA1 [54,55], could also respond to ABA following LSH8 deficiency. Therefore, it was speculated that LSH8 may also play an important role in the ABA maintenance of seed dormancy.

4. Conclusions

LSH, an important transcription factor family, plays a role in seedling development and floral organogenesis in plants. This study, for the first time, concludes that the LSH transcription factor family protein LSH8 participates in the ABA signaling pathway in Arabidopsis. LSH8 plays a positive regulatory role in ABA signaling, but the transcriptional level and protein level of LSH8 were downregulated by ABA. This finding indicates that LSH8 experiences negative feedback regulation after exogenous ABA treatment. Furthermore, LSH8 induces the change of protein response patterns under ABA treatment. LSH8 upregulates some shared ARPs existing in Col4 and the lsh8 mutant, such as RD29A, RD29B, RD22 and RAB18, which are marker proteins in the ABA signaling pathway. Moreover, LSH8 affects some proteins from specific ARPs in Col4 or the lsh8 mutant, and these proteins are involved in the ABA pathway, the seed growth and development pathway and seed dormancy. Therefore, LSH8 is an important factor in the ABA signaling pathway.

5. Materials and Methods

5.1. Plant Materials and Growth Condition

The A. thaliana accession, Col4, was used as the wild type in this study. To generate 35S::LUC-LSH8 overexpression plants, the full-length cDNAs of LSH8 behind the LUC tag sequences were cloned into the binary vector pEGAD-LUC by In-Fusion Cloning methods [58,59]. The construct was used for transformation (via Agrobacterium strain Agl0) by the floral-dip method [60]. Transformed plants were screened by growth on Basta-containing medium, and homozygous T3 transgenic lines were used for further analyses. The T-DNA insertion lines for LSH8 (AT1G16910) were obtained from the Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center (https://abrc.osu.edu/ (accessed on 22 May 2020)) with the following seed stock numbers: SALK_024841 and CS845710. PCR-based screening was used to identify homozygous lines for T-DNA insertions in LSH8. The LSH8-specific primers, designed by the SIGNAL T-DNA verification primer design program, were used in combination with T-DNA left border primers. The primers used for genotyping LSH8 overexpressing lines and the lsh8 mutant are listed in Table S1.
Plants were grown in normal conditions at 22 °C under 60% relative humidity with a photoperiod of 16 h/8 h (light/dark) and 120 µmol m−2s−1. All seed lots used for experimental material were harvested concurrently [61].

5.2. Seed Germination Assays

The seeds of different genotypes used for the germination test were harvested in the same conditions of plants grown at 22 °C under long days (16 h/8 h). Seeds were harvested and stored in dry conditions for at least 5 weeks before the germination test. The germination of the seeds from wild-type Col4, lsh8 mutants (lsh8-1/lsh8-2) and LSH8 overexpression lines (LSH8-#2/LSH8-#5) were determined as described previously [36]. Briefly, seeds were sterilized with 10% NaClO (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, USA) for 5 min and washed five times with ddH2O. Subsequently, the sterilized seeds were sown on 1/2 MS medium (pH = 5.7) containing 0.7% (w/v) Agar contained with 0.01% DMSO (as Mock), 0.5 μM ABA (Sigma-Aldrich), 30 μM PAC (Sigma-Aldrich) and 50 μM GA3 (Sigma-Aldrich) [35,61,62,63]. All the seeds were kept at 4 °C/dark for 3 days for stratification and transferred to 16 h/8 h light/dark conditions at 22 °C for germination. The germination event was defined as the first sign of radicle emergence, and germination rate was recorded daily for five sequential days [37]. At least 64 seeds for each line were used in three biological replicates.

5.3. Root Length Analysis

For the root length assay, the seeds from each genotype were germinated vertically on the 1/2 MS (0.7% Agar) for 3 days. Then, approximately 20 seedlings of each genotype showing similar root lengths were transferred to a 1/2 MS medium contained with or without 30 µM ABA for 7 days. The root length of each line was determined after the transfer to 1/2 MS medium for 7 days [61,64,65,66]. Three biological replicates were used.

5.4. Confocal Microscopy

The full-length CDS of LSH8 was amplified using LSH8-specific primers (Table S1) and then inserted into the pCAMBIA3301-GFP vector to generate a transient expression vector of the GFP-LSH8 fusion protein. The plasmids of GFP-LSH8 and GFP were transferred into Arabidopsis wild-type Col4 protoplasts, then the protoplasts were cultured for 18 h and photographed through a Leica/TCS SP8 confocal microscope (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) with the following conditions: GFP, 488 nm, 63× oil objective [67].

5.5. Luminescence Measurement

LUC-LSH8 overexpression lines were sowed in a 96-well plate containing 1/2 MS medium with 0.25% (w) sugar and 0.4% (w) Agar, with 10 seeds per well for each individual line. Seedlings were transferred to darkness for LUC activity detection by adding 1 mM D-luciferin with or without 100 µM ABA. LUC signals were detected every 10 min, with a detecting period of 5 h.

5.6. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qPCR) Analysis

Total RNA of different genotypes was isolated with the RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Dusseldorf, Germany) from 7-day-old seedlings. Then, 1 μg of total RNA was used for reverse transcription reaction. All qPCR experiments were performed on the real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems 7500, Waltham, MA, USA) using the TB GREEN Premix Ex Taq kit (Takara, Kyoto, Japan). ACT2 was used as the internal control to analyze the relative expression levels of genes, and parameters in qPCR were performed in triplicate experiments. Relative expression levels of ABA-related genes were calculated using the 2−ΔΔCt method [68,69].

5.7. Protein Extraction, Specific-Antibody Preparation and Western Blotting

For every 0.1 g of fresh weight germinating seedlings, each line sample was mixed with 200 μL of protein extraction buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH = 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM EDTA, PH 8.0, 1 mM DTT, 1% Nonidet P-40). Then, 100 μL of 4× sample buffer was added to each line, and the sample was vortexed immediately. Samples were then boiled at 95 °C for 5–10 min and centrifuged for 10 min. The supernatant was transferred to a new 1.5 mL tube, from which samples were loaded onto SDS-PAGE for immunoblotting. Anti-LUC (1:3000 dilution, Abclonal, Wuhan, China) was used as the first antibody, and an HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IG (H + L) (1:8000 dilution, MBL, Beijing, China) was used as the second antibody. HSP90 antibody (Beijing Protein Innovation, AbM51099-31-PU, Beijing, China) was used as the loading control.

5.8. Protein Sample Preparation

Approximately 0.5 g of each mixed sample was extracted from ground material. The trichloroacetic acid (TCA)/acetone method was used for total protein extraction, and the filter-aided sample preparation (FASP) method was used for total protein digested [70,71]. Then, the trypsin was added at a 1:50 trypsin-to-protein mass ratio for protein digestion overnight at 37 °C for 12 h. After trypsin digestion, peptides were reconstituted in 1 M triethylammonium bicarbonate (TEAB) and were labeled using TMT6-plex kits according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Torrance, CA, USA).

5.9. TMT-Based Proteomics Analysis

Digested peptides were prefractionated with the Ultimate 3000 system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Then, the peptides were combined into 12 fractions and dried by vacuum centrifugation. Finally, peptides were analyzed by online nanospray LC-MS/MS on an Orbitrap Fusion coupled to an EASY-nano-LC system (Thermo Scientific, MA, USA). All LC-MS/MS raw data were identified and analyzed using Proteome Discoverer 2.1 software (Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA; version 2.1) and Scaffold Q+ software (version Scaffold4.7.1, Proteome Software Inc., Portland, OR, USA) [72].

5.10. GO Function Annotation Analysis

BLAST2GO (version 3.0) was used for the GO function annotation of the ABA response proteins (ARPs) [73].

5.11. PPI Network Construction

The PPI network of ARPs was generated using the STRING online database (http://string-db.org (accessed on 20 July 2021)) (version 10.0) [74]. An interaction relation with a combined score >0.4 was considered a significant statistical difference.

5.12. Quantification and Statistical Analysis

All statistical data were collected in GraphPad Prism 8.0.2. ANOVA with a two-tailed Student’s t-test was used to evaluate statistical differences, with ns p > 0.05, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. All data were reported as mean ± SD [75].

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms221910314/s1.

Author Contributions

J.Z., Z.L., D.Y. and Z.Z. conceived the study, designed the experiments. J.Z., Z.L. and Y.L. (Yuhong Li) performed the experiments. N.Y., Y.L. (Yaxing Li) and H.T. participated in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. J.Z., Z.L. and J.L. analyzed data. J.Z., Z.L. and L.Z. wrote the manuscript. J.Z., J.L., D.Y. and Z.Z. critically commented and revised it. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported in part by the National Key Research and Development (R&D) Program of China (2018YFD0300103) and the National Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 31371411 and 31771565).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statements

The data supporting the findings of this study are available in the Supplementary Materials. The mass spectrometry proteomics data were deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE [76] partner repository with the dataset identifier PXD027962.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Hauser, F.; Waadt, R.; Schroeder, J.I. Evolution of abscisic acid synthesis and signaling mechanisms. Curr. Biol. 2011, 21, R346–R355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  2. Finkelstein, R.R.; Gampala, S.S.; Rock, C.D. Abscisic acid signaling in seeds and seedlings. Plant Cell 2002, 14, S15–S45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  3. Verslues, P.E.; Zhu, J.K. New developments in abscisic acid perception and metabolism. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2007, 10, 447–452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Finkelstein, R. Abscisic Acid synthesis and response. Arab. Book 2013, 11, e0166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  5. Yang, W.; Zhang, W.; Wang, X. Post-translational control of ABA signalling: The roles of protein phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2017, 15, 4–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Umezawa, T.; Sugiyama, N.; Mizoguchi, M.; Hayashi, S.; Myouga, F.; Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K.; Ishihama, Y.; Hirayama, T.; Shinozaki, K. Type 2C protein phosphatases directly regulate abscisic acid-activated protein kinases in Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106, 17588–17593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  7. Vlad, F.; Rubio, S.; Rodrigues, A.; Sirichandra, C.; Belin, C.; Robert, N.; Leung, J.; Rodriguez, P.L.; Laurière, C.; Merlot, S. Protein phosphatases 2C regulate the activation of the Snf1-related kinase OST1 by abscisic acid in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2009, 21, 3170–3184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  8. Bhaskara, G.B.; Nguyen, T.T.; Verslues, P.E. Unique drought resistance functions of the highly ABA-induced clade A protein phosphatase 2Cs. Plant Physiol 2012, 160, 379–395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  9. Fujita, Y.; Yoshida, T.; Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. Pivotal role of the AREB/ABF-SnRK2 pathway in ABRE-mediated transcription in response to osmotic stress in plants. Physiol. Plant 2013, 147, 15–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  10. Furihata, T.; Maruyama, K.; Fujita, Y.; Umezawa, T.; Yoshida, R.; Shinozaki, K.; Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. Abscisic acid-dependent multisite phosphorylation regulates the activity of a transcription activator AREB1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103, 1988–1993. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  11. Zhu, J.K. Abiotic Stress Signaling and Responses in Plants. Cell 2016, 167, 313–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  12. Giraudat, J.; Hauge, B.M.; Valon, C.; Smalle, J.; Parcy, F.; Goodman, H.M. Isolation of the Arabidopsis ABI3 gene by positional cloning. Plant Cell 1992, 4, 1251–1261. [Google Scholar]
  13. Finkelstein, R.R.; Lynch, T.J. The Arabidopsis abscisic acid response gene ABI5 encodes a basic leucine zipper transcription factor. Plant Cell 2000, 12, 599–609. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  14. Söderman, E.M.; Brocard, I.M.; Lynch, T.J.; Finkelstein, R.R. Regulation and function of the Arabidopsis ABA-insensitive4 gene in seed and abscisic acid response signaling networks. Plant Physiol. 2000, 124, 1752–1765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  15. Dai, M.; Xue, Q.; McCray, T.; Margavage, K.; Chen, F.; Lee, J.H.; Nezames, C.D.; Guo, L.; Terzaghi, W.; Wan, J.; et al. The PP6 phosphatase regulates ABI5 phosphorylation and abscisic acid signaling in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2013, 25, 517–534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  16. Lopez-Molina, L.; Mongrand, S.; Chua, N.H. A postgermination developmental arrest checkpoint is mediated by abscisic acid and requires the ABI5 transcription factor in Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98, 4782–4787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  17. Shen, Q.; Zhang, P.; Ho, T.H. Modular nature of abscisic acid (ABA) response complexes: Composite promoter units that are necessary and sufficient for ABA induction of gene expression in barley. Plant Cell 1996, 8, 1107–1119. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  18. Joshi, R.; Wani, S.H.; Singh, B.; Bohra, A.; Dar, Z.A.; Lone, A.A.; Pareek, A.; Singla-Pareek, S.L. Transcription Factors and Plants Response to Drought Stress: Current Understanding and Future Directions. Front. Plant Sci. 2016, 7, 1029. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  19. Yoshida, T.; Fujita, Y.; Sayama, H.; Kidokoro, S.; Maruyama, K.; Mizoi, J.; Shinozaki, K.; Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. AREB1, AREB2, and ABF3 are master transcription factors that cooperatively regulate ABRE-dependent ABA signaling involved in drought stress tolerance and require ABA for full activation. Plant J. Cell Mol. Biol. 2010, 61, 672–685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  20. Uno, Y.; Furihata, T.; Abe, H.; Yoshida, R.; Shinozaki, K.; Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. Arabidopsis basic leucine zipper transcription factors involved in an abscisic acid-dependent signal transduction pathway under drought and high-salinity conditions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97, 11632–11637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  21. Narusaka, Y.; Nakashima, K.; Shinwari, Z.K.; Sakuma, Y.; Furihata, T.; Abe, H.; Narusaka, M.; Shinozaki, K.; Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. Interaction between two cis-acting elements, ABRE and DRE, in ABA-dependent expression of Arabidopsis rd29A gene in response to dehydration and high-salinity stresses. Plant J. Cell Mol. Biol. 2003, 34, 137–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Zhao, L.; Nakazawa, M.; Takase, T.; Manabe, K.; Kobayashi, M.; Seki, M.; Shinozaki, K.; Matsui, M. Overexpression of LSH1, a member of an uncharacterised gene family, causes enhanced light regulation of seedling development. Plant J. Cell Mol. Biol. 2004, 37, 694–706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  23. Yoshida, A.; Suzaki, T.; Tanaka, W.; Hirano, H.Y. The homeotic gene long sterile lemma (G1) specifies sterile lemma identity in the rice spikelet. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106, 20103–20108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  24. Chen, F.; Zhou, Q.; Wu, L.; Li, F.; Liu, B.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, J.; Bao, M.; Liu, G. Genome-wide identification and characterization of the ALOG gene family in Petunia. BMC Plant Biol. 2019, 19, 600. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  25. Takeda, S.; Hanano, K.; Kariya, A.; Shimizu, S.; Zhao, L.; Matsui, M.; Tasaka, M.; Aida, M. CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON1 transcription factor activates the expression of LSH4 and LSH3, two members of the ALOG gene family, in shoot organ boundary cells. Plant J. Cell Mol. Biol. 2011, 66, 1066–1077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Iyer, L.M.; Aravind, L. ALOG domains: Provenance of plant homeotic and developmental regulators from the DNA-binding domain of a novel class of DIRS1-type retroposons. Biol. Direct 2012, 7, 39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  27. Peng, P.; Liu, L.; Fang, J.; Zhao, J.; Yuan, S.; Li, X. The rice TRIANGULAR HULL1 protein acts as a transcriptional repressor in regulating lateral development of spikelet. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 13712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  28. Hibara, K.; Takada, S.; Tasaka, M. CUC1 gene activates the expression of SAM-related genes to induce adventitious shoot formation. Plant J. Cell Mol. Biol. 2003, 36, 687–696. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Kamiuchi, Y.; Yamamoto, K.; Furutani, M.; Tasaka, M.; Aida, M. The CUC1 and CUC2 genes promote carpel margin meristem formation during Arabidopsis gynoecium development. Front. Plant Sci. 2014, 5, 165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  30. Press, M.O.; Queitsch, C. Variability in a Short Tandem Repeat Mediates Complex Epistatic Interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetics 2017, 205, 455–464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  31. Hayes, S.; Schachtschabel, J.; Mishkind, M.; Munnik, T.; Arisz, S.A. Hot topic: Thermosensing in plants. Plant Cell Environ. 2021, 44, 2018–2033. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Yoshida, A.; Sasao, M.; Yasuno, N.; Takagi, K.; Daimon, Y.; Chen, R.; Yamazaki, R.; Tokunaga, H.; Kitaguchi, Y.; Sato, Y.; et al. TAWAWA1, a regulator of rice inflorescence architecture, functions through the suppression of meristem phase transition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2013, 110, 767–772. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  33. Wang, Z.; Ren, Z.; Cheng, C.; Wang, T.; Ji, H.; Zhao, Y.; Deng, Z.; Zhi, L.; Lu, J.; Wu, X.; et al. Counteraction of ABA-Mediated Inhibition of Seed Germination and Seedling Establishment by ABA Signaling Terminator in Arabidopsis. Mol. Plant 2020, 13, 1284–1297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Dong, T.; Park, Y.; Hwang, I. Abscisic acid: Biosynthesis, inactivation, homoeostasis and signalling. Essays Biochem. 2015, 58, 29–48. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  35. Zheng, J.; Chen, F.; Wang, Z.; Cao, H.; Li, X.; Deng, X.; Soppe, W.J.J.; Li, Y.; Liu, Y. A novel role for histone methyltransferase KYP/SUVH4 in the control of Arabidopsis primary seed dormancy. New Phytol. 2012, 193, 605–616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Yang, M.; Han, X.; Yang, J.; Jiang, Y.; Hu, Y. The Arabidopsis circadian clock protein PRR5 interacts with and stimulates ABI5 to modulate abscisic acid signaling during seed germination. Plant Cell 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. Liu, X.; Hu, P.; Huang, M.; Tang, Y.; Li, Y.; Li, L.; Hou, X. The NF-YC-RGL2 module integrates GA and ABA signalling to regulate seed germination in Arabidopsis. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 12768. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  38. Bunsick, M.; Toh, S.; Wong, C.; Xu, Z.; Ly, G.; McErlean, C.S.P.; Pescetto, G.; Nemrish, K.E.; Sung, P.; Li, J.D.; et al. SMAX1-dependent seed germination bypasses GA signalling in Arabidopsis and Striga. Nat. Plants 2020, 6, 646–652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Shu, K.; Zhang, H.; Wang, S.; Chen, M.; Wu, Y.; Tang, S.; Liu, C.; Feng, Y.; Cao, X.; Xie, Q. ABI4 regulates primary seed dormancy by regulating the biogenesis of abscisic acid and gibberellins in arabidopsis. PLoS Genet. 2013, 9, e1003577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  40. Wang, X.; Guo, C.; Peng, J.; Li, C.; Wan, F.; Zhang, S.; Zhou, Y.; Yan, Y.; Qi, L.; Sun, K.; et al. ABRE-BINDING FACTORS play a role in the feedback regulation of ABA signaling by mediating rapid ABA induction of ABA co-receptor genes. New Phytol. 2019, 221, 341–355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  41. Zhao, H.; Nie, K.; Zhou, H.; Yan, X.; Zhan, Q.; Zheng, Y.; Song, C.P. ABI5 modulates seed germination via feedback regulation of the expression of the PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptor genes. New Phytol. 2020, 228, 596–608. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Xi, W.; Liu, C.; Hou, X.; Yu, H. MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1 regulates seed germination through a negative feedback loop modulating ABA signaling in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2010, 22, 1733–1748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  43. Abe, H.; Urao, T.; Ito, T.; Seki, M.; Shinozaki, K.; Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. Arabidopsis AtMYC2 (bHLH) and AtMYB2 (MYB) function as transcriptional activators in abscisic acid signaling. Plant Cell 2003, 15, 63–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  44. Lång, V.; Palva, E.T. The expression of a rab-related gene, rab18, is induced by abscisic acid during the cold acclimation process of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Plant Mol. Biol. 1992, 20, 951–962. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Fujita, Y.; Fujita, M.; Shinozaki, K.; Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. ABA-mediated transcriptional regulation in response to osmotic stress in plants. J. Plant Res. 2011, 124, 509–525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  46. Chang, G.; Wang, C.; Kong, X.; Chen, Q.; Yang, Y.; Hu, X. AFP2 as the novel regulator breaks high-temperature-induced seeds secondary dormancy through ABI5 and SOM in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2018, 501, 232–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Costa, M.C.; Righetti, K.; Nijveen, H.; Yazdanpanah, F.; Ligterink, W.; Buitink, J.; Hilhorst, H.W. A gene co-expression network predicts functional genes controlling the re-establishment of desiccation tolerance in germinated Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. Planta 2015, 242, 435–449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  48. Mangeon, A.; Pardal, R.; Menezes-Salgueiro, A.D.; Duarte, G.L.; de Seixas, R.; Cruz, F.P.; Cardeal, V.; Magioli, C.; Ricachenevsky, F.K.; Margis, R.; et al. AtGRP3 Is Implicated in Root Size and Aluminum Response Pathways in Arabidopsis. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0150583. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  49. Huang, K.C.; Lin, W.C.; Cheng, W.H. Salt hypersensitive mutant 9, a nucleolar APUM23 protein, is essential for salt sensitivity in association with the ABA signaling pathway in Arabidopsis. BMC Plant Biol. 2018, 18, 40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  50. Bouain, N.; Satbhai, S.B.; Korte, A.; Saenchai, C.; Desbrosses, G.; Berthomieu, P.; Busch, W.; Rouached, H. Natural allelic variation of the AZI1 gene controls root growth under zinc-limiting condition. PLoS Genet. 2018, 14, e1007304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  51. Becerra, C.; Puigdomenech, P.; Vicient, C.M. Computational and experimental analysis identifies Arabidopsis genes specifically expressed during early seed development. BMC Genom. 2006, 7, 38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  52. Li, Q.; Wang, B.C.; Xu, Y.; Zhu, Y.X. Systematic studies of 12S seed storage protein accumulation and degradation patterns during Arabidopsis seed maturation and early seedling germination stages. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2007, 40, 373–381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Ghelis, T.; Bolbach, G.; Clodic, G.; Habricot, Y.; Miginiac, E.; Sotta, B.; Jeannette, E. Protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases are involved in abscisic acid-dependent processes in Arabidopsis seeds and suspension cells. Plant Physiol. 2008, 148, 1668–1680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  54. Hu, Y.; Zhou, L.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, W.; Chen, Z.; Li, X.; Qian, Q.; Kong, F.; Li, Y.; Liu, X.; et al. The gibberellin signaling negative regulator RGA-LIKE3 promotes seed storage protein accumulation. Plant Physiol. 2021, 185, 1697–1707. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Gao, C.; Qi, S.; Liu, K.; Li, D.; Jin, C.; Li, Z.; Huang, G.; Hai, J.; Zhang, M.; Chen, M. MYC2, MYC3, and MYC4 function redundantly in seed storage protein accumulation in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2016, 108, 63–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Chibani, K.; Ali-Rachedi, S.; Job, C.; Job, D.; Jullien, M.; Grappin, P. Proteomic analysis of seed dormancy in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2006, 142, 1493–1510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  57. Savadogo, E.H.; Shiomi, Y.; Yasuda, J.; Akino, T.; Yamaguchi, M.; Yoshida, H.; Umegawachi, T.; Tanaka, R.; Suong, D.N.A.; Miura, K.; et al. Gene expression of PLAT and ATS3 proteins increases plant resistance to insects. Planta 2021, 253, 37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Zhu, B.; Cai, G.; Hall, E.O.; Freeman, G.J. In-fusion assembly: Seamless engineering of multidomain fusion proteins, modular vectors, and mutations. BioTechniques 2007, 43, 354–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  59. Zhang, X.; Wang, N.; Chen, P.; Gao, M.; Liu, J.; Wang, Y.; Zhao, T.; Li, Y.; Gai, J. Overexpression of a soybean ariadne-like ubiquitin ligase gene GmARI1 enhances aluminum tolerance in Arabidopsis. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e111120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  60. Zhang, X.; Henriques, R.; Lin, S.S.; Niu, Q.W.; Chua, N.H. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana using the floral dip method. Nat. Protoc. 2006, 1, 641–646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Wang, W.; Chen, Q.; Xu, S.; Liu, W.C.; Zhu, X.; Song, C.P. Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase E modulates ABA-controlled root growth and stomatal movement in Arabidopsis. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 2020, 62, 1518–1534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  62. Li, H.; Sun, J.; Xu, Y.; Jiang, H.; Wu, X.; Li, C. The bHLH-type transcription factor AtAIB positively regulates ABA response in Arabidopsis. Plant Mol. Biol. 2007, 65, 655–665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  63. Xu, H.; Lantzouni, O.; Bruggink, T.; Benjamins, R.; Lanfermeijer, F.; Denby, K.; Schwechheimer, C.; Bassel, G.W. A Molecular Signal Integration Network Underpinning Arabidopsis Seed Germination. Curr. Biol. 2020, 30, 3703–3712.e3704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  64. Xie, L.L.; Chen, F.; Zou, X.L.; Shen, S.S.; Wang, X.G.; Yao, G.X.; Xu, B.B. Graphene oxide and ABA cotreatment regulates root growth of Brassica napus L. by regulating IAA/ABA. J. Plant Physiol. 2019, 240, 153007. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  65. Li, X.; Li, G.; Li, Y.; Kong, X.; Zhang, L.; Wang, J.; Li, X.; Yang, Y. ABA Receptor Subfamily III Enhances Abscisic Acid Sensitivity and Improves the Drought Tolerance of Arabidopsis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 1938. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  66. Zhao, Y.; Xing, L.; Wang, X.; Hou, Y.J.; Gao, J.; Wang, P.; Duan, C.G.; Zhu, X.; Zhu, J.K. The ABA receptor PYL8 promotes lateral root growth by enhancing MYB77-dependent transcription of auxin-responsive genes. Sci. Signal. 2014, 7, ra53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  67. Asai, S.; Furzer, O.J.; Cevik, V.; Kim, D.S.; Ishaque, N.; Goritschnig, S.; Staskawicz, B.J.; Shirasu, K.; Jones, J.D.G. A downy mildew effector evades recognition by polymorphism of expression and subcellular localization. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 5192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  68. Wang, Y.; Kang, H.; Liu, X.; Tong, Z. Combination of RT-qPCR testing and clinical features for diagnosis of COVID-19 facilitates management of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. J. Med. Virol. 2020, 92, 538–539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  69. Guo, R.; Guo, H.; Zhang, Q.; Guo, M.; Xu, Y.; Zeng, M.; Lv, P.; Chen, X.; Yang, M. Evaluation of reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis in wild and cultivated Cannabis. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2018, 82, 1902–1910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  70. Ludwig, K.R.; Schroll, M.M.; Hummon, A.B. Comparison of In-Solution, FASP, and S-Trap Based Digestion Methods for Bottom-Up Proteomic Studies. J. Proteome Res. 2018, 17, 2480–2490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  71. Cen, W.; Liu, J.; Lu, S.; Jia, P.; Yu, K.; Han, Y.; Li, R.; Luo, J. Comparative proteomic analysis of QTL CTS-12 derived from wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.), in the regulation of cold acclimation and de-acclimation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in response to severe chilling stress. BMC Plant Biol. 2018, 18, 163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  72. Huang, A.; Zhang, M.; Li, T.; Qin, X. Serum Proteomic Analysis by Tandem Mass Tags (TMT) Based Quantitative Proteomics in Gastric Cancer Patients. Clin. Lab. 2018, 64, 855–866. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  73. Conesa, A.; Götz, S.; García-Gómez, J.M.; Terol, J.; Talón, M.; Robles, M. Blast2GO: A universal tool for annotation, visualization and analysis in functional genomics research. Bioinformatics 2005, 21, 3674–3676. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  74. Franceschini, A.; Szklarczyk, D.; Frankild, S.; Kuhn, M.; Simonovic, M.; Roth, A.; Lin, J.; Minguez, P.; Bork, P.; von Mering, C.; et al. STRING v9.1: Protein-protein interaction networks, with increased coverage and integration. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013, 41, D808–D815. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  75. Schmittgen, T.D.; Livak, K.J. Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative C(T) method. Nat. Protoc. 2008, 3, 1101–1108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  76. Perez-Riverol, Y.; Csordas, A.; Bai, J.; Bernal-Llinares, M.; Hewapathirana, S.; Kundu, D.J.; Inuganti, A.; Griss, J.; Mayer, G.; Eisenacher, M.; et al. The PRIDE database and related tools and resources in 2019: Improving support for quantification data. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019, 47, D442–D450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ijms 22 10314 g001 550
Figure 1. ABA phenotype of LSH8 overexpression and lsh8 mutant lines. (A) Germination phenotypes of LSH8 overexpression lines (LSH8-#2 and LSH8-#5), lsh8 mutant lines (lsh8-1 and lsh8-2) and wild type (Col4). Seeds were germinated and grown on 1/2 MS (mock) and 1/2 MS containing 0.5 µM ABA, 30 µM PAC, 0.5 µM ABA + 50 µM GA for 5 d, respectively. Scale bar: 1 cm. (B) Statistical analysis of germination rate described in (A). Data represent mean ± SD of at least 64 seeds. (C) Comparison of root length among genotypes on 1/2 MS with or without 30 µM ABA, respectively. Scale bar: 1 cm. (D) Statistical analysis of the differences in root length among the genotypes shown in (C). Data are shown as mean ± SD (n > 10). Asterisks in (B,D) indicate statistically significant differences compared with wild-type Col4: *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001 (Student’s t-test).
Figure 1. ABA phenotype of LSH8 overexpression and lsh8 mutant lines. (A) Germination phenotypes of LSH8 overexpression lines (LSH8-#2 and LSH8-#5), lsh8 mutant lines (lsh8-1 and lsh8-2) and wild type (Col4). Seeds were germinated and grown on 1/2 MS (mock) and 1/2 MS containing 0.5 µM ABA, 30 µM PAC, 0.5 µM ABA + 50 µM GA for 5 d, respectively. Scale bar: 1 cm. (B) Statistical analysis of germination rate described in (A). Data represent mean ± SD of at least 64 seeds. (C) Comparison of root length among genotypes on 1/2 MS with or without 30 µM ABA, respectively. Scale bar: 1 cm. (D) Statistical analysis of the differences in root length among the genotypes shown in (C). Data are shown as mean ± SD (n > 10). Asterisks in (B,D) indicate statistically significant differences compared with wild-type Col4: *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001 (Student’s t-test).
Ijms 22 10314 g001
Ijms 22 10314 g002 550
Figure 2. Expression pattern analysis of LSH8. (A) Subcellular localization analysis of GFP and GFP-LSH8 in Arabidopsis wild-type Col4 protoplasts. The channels from left to right are GFP, Chloroplast, Bright and Merged channels, respectively. Scale bar: 10 µm. (B) Tissue-specific expression of LSH8. Various tissues of wild-type Col4 were grown under normal conditions, and the LSH8 expression was determined by qPCR. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3). (C) qPCR analysis of LSH8 transcriptional level under ABA treatment. Five-day-old Col4 seedlings were treated with 100 µM ABA for 0–5 h. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3). (D) LUC signals in 5-d-old LUC-LSH8 overexpressing seedlings treated with 100 µM ABA. Signals were detected every 10 min, and the detecting period is 5 h. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3). (E) Immunoblot analyzing the ABA-induced decline of LSH8 protein in the LUC-LSH8 overexpressing lines. Whole seedlings of 5-day-old LUC-LSH8 overexpression lines were treated with 100 µM ABA for 5 h. The expression of LUC-LSH8 fusion protein was detected by immunoblotting with an anti-LUC antibody. HSP90 was used as loading control. Asterisks in (C) indicate statistically significant differences compared with normal conditions (0 h): ns, p > 0.05; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01 (Student’s t-test).
Figure 2. Expression pattern analysis of LSH8. (A) Subcellular localization analysis of GFP and GFP-LSH8 in Arabidopsis wild-type Col4 protoplasts. The channels from left to right are GFP, Chloroplast, Bright and Merged channels, respectively. Scale bar: 10 µm. (B) Tissue-specific expression of LSH8. Various tissues of wild-type Col4 were grown under normal conditions, and the LSH8 expression was determined by qPCR. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3). (C) qPCR analysis of LSH8 transcriptional level under ABA treatment. Five-day-old Col4 seedlings were treated with 100 µM ABA for 0–5 h. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3). (D) LUC signals in 5-d-old LUC-LSH8 overexpressing seedlings treated with 100 µM ABA. Signals were detected every 10 min, and the detecting period is 5 h. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3). (E) Immunoblot analyzing the ABA-induced decline of LSH8 protein in the LUC-LSH8 overexpressing lines. Whole seedlings of 5-day-old LUC-LSH8 overexpression lines were treated with 100 µM ABA for 5 h. The expression of LUC-LSH8 fusion protein was detected by immunoblotting with an anti-LUC antibody. HSP90 was used as loading control. Asterisks in (C) indicate statistically significant differences compared with normal conditions (0 h): ns, p > 0.05; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01 (Student’s t-test).
Ijms 22 10314 g002
Ijms 22 10314 g003 550
Figure 3. Quantitative proteome analysis of regulatory protein expression profiles by LSH8 in response to ABA. (A) Experimental design of quantitative proteome analysis. Five-day-old Col4 and lsh8 mutant seedlings were treated with or without 100 µM ABA for 5 h. The protein was extracted in three biological replicates for each sample group. (B) Venn diagram showing the number of specific and shared quantified proteins between Col4 and lsh8 mutant. (C) The number of ARPs in Col4 specific quantified proteins and lsh8 mutant-specific quantified proteins in (B). (D,E) Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of the Col4 specific ARPs and lsh8 mutant-specific ARPs shown in (C). (F,G) The heatmap showing the expression patterns of ABA-related proteins that are specifically quantified and responsive to ABA in Col4 or lsh8 mutant. The red color proteins are ARPs previously reported.
Figure 3. Quantitative proteome analysis of regulatory protein expression profiles by LSH8 in response to ABA. (A) Experimental design of quantitative proteome analysis. Five-day-old Col4 and lsh8 mutant seedlings were treated with or without 100 µM ABA for 5 h. The protein was extracted in three biological replicates for each sample group. (B) Venn diagram showing the number of specific and shared quantified proteins between Col4 and lsh8 mutant. (C) The number of ARPs in Col4 specific quantified proteins and lsh8 mutant-specific quantified proteins in (B). (D,E) Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of the Col4 specific ARPs and lsh8 mutant-specific ARPs shown in (C). (F,G) The heatmap showing the expression patterns of ABA-related proteins that are specifically quantified and responsive to ABA in Col4 or lsh8 mutant. The red color proteins are ARPs previously reported.
Ijms 22 10314 g003
Ijms 22 10314 g004 550
Figure 4. LSH8′s regulation of proteome changes in response to ABA. (A) Scatterplot showing plots of Log2(FC) of wild-type Col4 (x-axis) versus Log2(FC) of lsh8 mutant (y-axis). The dash lines indicate Log2(FC) = ±0.38. (B) Venn diagram depicting shared ARPs, Col4-specific ARPs and lsh8 mutant-specific ARPs determined by proteomics. (C–E) Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of the shared ARPs, Col4-specific ARPs and lsh8 mutant-specific ARPs shown in (B). (F–H) The heatmap showing the ABA-related proteins expression patterns of shared ARPs, Col4-specific ARPs and lsh8 mutant-specific ARPs shown in (B). The red color proteins are ARPs previously reported.
Figure 4. LSH8′s regulation of proteome changes in response to ABA. (A) Scatterplot showing plots of Log2(FC) of wild-type Col4 (x-axis) versus Log2(FC) of lsh8 mutant (y-axis). The dash lines indicate Log2(FC) = ±0.38. (B) Venn diagram depicting shared ARPs, Col4-specific ARPs and lsh8 mutant-specific ARPs determined by proteomics. (C–E) Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of the shared ARPs, Col4-specific ARPs and lsh8 mutant-specific ARPs shown in (B). (F–H) The heatmap showing the ABA-related proteins expression patterns of shared ARPs, Col4-specific ARPs and lsh8 mutant-specific ARPs shown in (B). The red color proteins are ARPs previously reported.
Ijms 22 10314 g004
Ijms 22 10314 g005 550
Figure 5. Expression of ABA-related genes and LSH8 specifically regulated ARPs in Col4 and lsh8 mutant seedlings under exogenous ABA treatment. The 5-day-old seedlings of Col4 and lsh8 mutant were transferred to 1/2 MS medium with 100 µM ABA for 5 h, and then the seedlings were harvested immediately for qPCR. (A) The expression levels of ABA-related genes. (B) The expression levels of LSH8 specifically regulated ARPs. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3). The asterisks in the picture indicate statistically significant differences compared with relevant wild-type Col4: **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001 (Student’s t-test).
Figure 5. Expression of ABA-related genes and LSH8 specifically regulated ARPs in Col4 and lsh8 mutant seedlings under exogenous ABA treatment. The 5-day-old seedlings of Col4 and lsh8 mutant were transferred to 1/2 MS medium with 100 µM ABA for 5 h, and then the seedlings were harvested immediately for qPCR. (A) The expression levels of ABA-related genes. (B) The expression levels of LSH8 specifically regulated ARPs. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3). The asterisks in the picture indicate statistically significant differences compared with relevant wild-type Col4: **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001 (Student’s t-test).
Ijms 22 10314 g005
Ijms 22 10314 g006 550
Figure 6. PPI network analysis by STRING. These proteins in the module were ARPs specifically regulated by LSH8. Two PPI networks were obtained. Circular nodes represent ARPs, and edges represent protein–protein (ARPs) associations.
Figure 6. PPI network analysis by STRING. These proteins in the module were ARPs specifically regulated by LSH8. Two PPI networks were obtained. Circular nodes represent ARPs, and edges represent protein–protein (ARPs) associations.
Ijms 22 10314 g006
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Zou, J.; Li, Z.; Tang, H.; Zhang, L.; Li, J.; Li, Y.; Yao, N.; Li, Y.; Yang, D.; Zuo, Z. Arabidopsis LSH8 Positively Regulates ABA Signaling by Changing the Expression Pattern of ABA-Responsive Proteins. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 10314. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910314

AMA Style

Zou J, Li Z, Tang H, Zhang L, Li J, Li Y, Yao N, Li Y, Yang D, Zuo Z. Arabidopsis LSH8 Positively Regulates ABA Signaling by Changing the Expression Pattern of ABA-Responsive Proteins. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(19):10314. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910314

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zou, Jinpeng, Zhifang Li, Haohao Tang, Li Zhang, Jingdu Li, Yuhong Li, Nan Yao, Yaxing Li, Deguang Yang, and Zecheng Zuo. 2021. "Arabidopsis LSH8 Positively Regulates ABA Signaling by Changing the Expression Pattern of ABA-Responsive Proteins" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 19: 10314. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910314

APA Style

Zou, J., Li, Z., Tang, H., Zhang, L., Li, J., Li, Y., Yao, N., Li, Y., Yang, D., & Zuo, Z. (2021). Arabidopsis LSH8 Positively Regulates ABA Signaling by Changing the Expression Pattern of ABA-Responsive Proteins. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(19), 10314. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910314

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop