β-Hexachlorocyclohexane Drives Carcinogenesis in the Human Normal Bronchial Epithelium Cell Line BEAS-2B
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. β-HCH Increases Cell Proliferation
2.2. β-HCH Can Activate Oncogenic Signaling Pathways
2.3. β-HCH Induces EGF Release
2.4. β-HCH Boosts ROS Production
2.5. Genotoxic Responses to β-HCH
2.6. β-HCH’s Impact on Cell Cycle and Apoptosis
2.7. β-HCH Affects Cellular Morphology
2.8. β-HCH Modulates the Expression of the Proliferative Marker Ki67
2.9. β-HCH Induces Colony Formation
3. Discussion
- Primary determining factors, which comprise chemical substances, physical agents, and the outcomes of viral-induced carcinogenic transformation. All these three components especially act on signaling pathways and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), hence the modern notion of cancer as a molecular disease;
- Secondary determining factors, represented by hereditary determinism;
- Favoring factors, which are risk factors whose occasional or systematic intervention has been observed in the incidence of malignant tumors. In this group, some geographic factors, nutrition factors, sex, age, etc., can be mentioned.
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Cell Culture
4.2. Cell Viability
4.3. Time Course Assay
4.4. Observation of Morphological Changes
4.5. Protein Extraction and Immunoblotting
4.6. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Detection
4.7. Determination of Apoptosis
4.8. Dot Blot
4.9. Immunofluorescence
4.10. Cell Cycle Analysis
4.11. Comet Assay
4.12. Colony Formation Assay
4.13. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rubini, E.; Minacori, M.; Paglia, G.; Altieri, F.; Chichiarelli, S.; Romaniello, D.; Eufemi, M. β-Hexachlorocyclohexane Drives Carcinogenesis in the Human Normal Bronchial Epithelium Cell Line BEAS-2B. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 5834. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115834
Rubini E, Minacori M, Paglia G, Altieri F, Chichiarelli S, Romaniello D, Eufemi M. β-Hexachlorocyclohexane Drives Carcinogenesis in the Human Normal Bronchial Epithelium Cell Line BEAS-2B. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(11):5834. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115834
Chicago/Turabian StyleRubini, Elisabetta, Marco Minacori, Giuliano Paglia, Fabio Altieri, Silvia Chichiarelli, Donatella Romaniello, and Margherita Eufemi. 2021. "β-Hexachlorocyclohexane Drives Carcinogenesis in the Human Normal Bronchial Epithelium Cell Line BEAS-2B" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11: 5834. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115834