Plant Hormone Signaling Crosstalks between Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Ca2+ Sensors
2.1. CaM/CML
2.2. CBL
2.3. CPK
2.4. CCaMK
2.5. Calcium Sensors Involved in both Abiotic and Biotic Stresses
3. ABA-Mediated Stress Responses
3.1. The Interactions between ABA and JA Pathways in Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses
3.2. The Interactions between ABA and Ethylene Pathways under Biotic and Abiotic Stresses
The Antagonistic Relationship between ABA and Ethylene Pathways
3.3. The Interactions between ABA and SA under Biotic and Abiotic stresses
The Crosstalks among ABA, SA, and Phospholipids under Biotic and Abiotic Stresses
4. Roles of G-proteins in Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses
4.1. Heterotrimeric G-proteins
4.2. Unconventional G-proteins
4.2.1. Obg Superfamily
Obg/Era Family
Drg Family
YchF Family
4.3. Small G-proteins
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ca2+ Sensor | Plant Species | Gene | Stress | Response | Treatment Description | Positive/Negative Regulator | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calmodulin (CaM) | Solanum lycopersicum | SlCaM1 to SlCaM6 | Mechanical wounding, Botrytis cinerea infection | The expressions of all six SlCaM genes were induced by mechanical wounding and Botrytis cinerea infection. Transgenic tomato overexpressing SlCaM2 was more resistant to Botrytis cinerea infection. | Mechanical wounding: the tomato fruit pericarp was manually cut into one inch-pieces using a sharp knife. Botrytis cinerea infection: mechanically injured tomato fruit was inoculated with Botrytis cinerea strain 22B conidial suspension. | SlCaM2 was a positive regulator. The other five genes were not tested. | [15] |
Arabidopsis thaliana | AtCaM3 | Heat | Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing AtCaM3 had improved tolerance to heat shock; cam3 mutants were less tolerant to heat shock. | Six-day-old seedlings on phytagel plates supplemented with Murashige and Skoog medium and sucrose were exposed to 45°C for 50 min or 70 min before the recovery at 22°C for six days. | Positive regulator of heat stress. | [16] | |
Soybean | SCaM-4 | Non-specific fungal elicitor prepared from Fuasrium solani, Phytophthora parasitica pv. nicotianae infection. | The expression of SCaM-4 was induced by a non-specific fungal elicitor prepared from Fuasrium solani to soybean suspension cell culture (SB-P). Overexpression of SCaM-4 in Nicotiana tabacum conferred enhanced resistance to Phytophthora parasitica pv. nicotianae infection. | Soybean suspension cell culture (SB-P) was treated with a non-specific fungal elicitor prepared from Fuasrium solani. Transgenic Nicotiana tabacum overexpressing SCaM-4 was inoculated with Phytophthora parasitica pv. nicotianae by syringe infiltration into leaves. | Positive regulator of Fuasrium solani, Phytophthora parasitica pv. nicotianae infection. | [17] | |
SCaM-5 | Non-specific fungal elicitor prepared from Fuasrium solani, Phytophthora parasitica pv. nicotianae infection. | The expression of SCaM-5 was induced by a non-specific fungal elicitor prepared from Fuasrium solani to soybean suspension cell culture (SB-P). Overexpression of SCaM-4 in Nicotiana tabacum conferred enhanced resistance to Phytophthora parasitica pv. nicotianae infection. | Soybean suspension cell culture (SB-P) was treated with a non-specific fungal elicitor prepared from Fuasrium solani. Transgenic Nicotiana tabacum overexpressing SCaM-5 was inoculated with Phytophthora parasitica pv. nicotianae by syringe infiltration into leaves. | Positive regulator of Fuasrium solani, Phytophthora parasitica pv. nicotianae infection. | [17] | ||
Calmodulin-like protein (CML) | Arabidopsis thaliana | AtCML9 | Salt, cold, dehydration, ABA treatment | The expression of AtCML9 was induced by NaCl, cold, and ABA treatments. The expression of AtCML9 was induced by dehydration in the first 10 min, but the expression level decreased from 10 min to 40 min after the treatment. The cml9 mutant had increased sensitivity to ABA and enhanced tolerance to salt and dehydration. | Salt: 10-day-old Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings were transferred to agar plates supplemented with 150 mM NaCl for expression study. Arabidopsis thaliana seeds were sown onto filter paper saturated with 200mM NaCl or 400mM mannitol before imbibition and germination assay. Three-week-old Arabidopsis thaliana was grown on soil and irrigated with 150 mM NaCl every three days, with the phenotype monitored for two weeks. Cold: 10-day old Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings on agar plates were exposed at 4°C under light. ABA: 10-day-old Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings were sprayed with 100 µM ABA for expression study. Arabidopsis thaliana seeds were sown on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.2 µM ABA for cotyledon opening and greening assay. Dehydration: excised leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana were desiccated in growth chamber for expression study. Watered 3-week-old Arabidopsis thaliana grown on soil had the irrigation withheld for 11 days before re-watering. | Negative regulator of salt stress and dehydration | [19] |
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) strain DC3000 infection | The expression of AtCML9 was induced by P. syringae pv. tomato (Pto) strain DC3000 infection half an hour and one hour after infection, but repressed three hours after the infection. The expression response of AtCML9 to flagellin application was similar to that after Pto strain DC3000 infection. Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing AtCLM9 was more resistant to Pto strain DC3000 infection, while cml9 mutant was more sensitive to the infection. | Flagellin application: Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings were grown for 11 days on MS medium. 1 µM flg22 was applied to the fresh MS medium on the ninth day for gene expression study. P. syringae pv. tomato (Pto) strain DC3000 infection: 4-week-old Arabidopsis thaliana was inoculated with Pto strain DC3000 in suspension culture by syringe infiltration on the abaxial side of the leaves. | Positive regulator of P. syringae pv. tomato (Pto) strain DC3000 infection. | [20] | |||
Arabidopsis thaliana | AtCML37 | Drought | cml37 mutant was highly susceptible to drought stress. | Four-week-old Arabidopsis thaliana were not watered for one week, then re-watered for one week before being not watered for another one week. | Positive regulator of drought stress | [21] | |
Herbivory | cml37 mutant was more susceptible to herbivory. CML37 deregulates the JA pathway. | Five-week-old Arabidopsis thaliana were subject to feeding by Spodoptera littoralis larvae for 24 or 48 h. | Positive regulator of herbivory | [22] | |||
AtCML42 | Herbivory, UV-B, drought | cml42 mutant was more resistant to herbivory but less tolerant to UV-B. cml42 mutants had higher levels of ABA under drought stress. | Herbivory: Five-week-old Arabidopsis thaliana was subjected to feeding by Spodoptera littoralis larvae for 24 h. UV-B: Arabidopsis thaliana grown on MS plates for eight days were exposed to UV-B for one hour at the intensity of 100 μW∙cm−2 and then allowed to grow for five weeks. Drought: Three-week-old Arabidopsis thaliana were unwatered for 16 days for survival study, and were unwatered for eight days, rewatered, and then unwatered for eight days for measuring ABA level. | Positive regulator of UV-B stress, negative regulator of herbivory. The drought-resistant phenotype was uncertain. | [23] | ||
Solanum habrochaites | ShCML44 | Cold, drought, osmotic stress, salt, ABA and JA treatments | The expression of ShCML44 was induced by cold, drought, osmotic stress, salt, and ABA treatments. Transgenic tomato plants overexpressing ShCML44 were more tolerant to cold, drought, and salinity stresses. | Six-week-old seedlings were put into a growth chamber for five days as an adaptation period before treatment. Cold: seedlings were transferred to a growth chamber at 4 °C. Drought: seedlings were uprooted, washed, and dehydrated on filter paper. Salt: seedlings were irrigated with 200 mM NaCl. ABA treatment: seedlings were sprayed with 100 µM ABA. JA: seedlings were sprayed with 100 µM MeJA. | Positive regulator of cold, drought, and salinity stresses. | [18] | |
Calcineurin-B-like protein (CBL) | Arabidopsis thaliana | AtCBL5 | Drought, salt | Overexpression of AtCBL5 in Arabidopsis thaliana improved tolerance to drought and salt stresses. | Drought: 4-week-old Arabidopsis thaliana grown on potting soil were unwatered for three weeks. Salt stress: 4-week-old Arabidopsis thaliana grown on potting soil were treated with 300 mM NaCl once every three days for two weeks. | Positive regulator of drought and salt stresses. | [26] |
Brassica napus | BnCBL1 | Salt stress, osmotic stress, low inorganic phosphate (Pi), ABA treatment. | The expression of BnCBL1 was induced by salt stress, osmotic stress, low Pi, and ABA treatment. Overexpression of BnCBL1 conferred improved tolerance to salt stress and low Pi. | Salt stress: 1-week-old seedlings of Brassica napus were transferred to MS medium containing 150 mM NaCl for expression study. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings were transferred to MS medium containing 0 to 250 mM NaCl for stress tolerance study. Osmotic stress: 1-week-old seedlings of Brassica napus were transferred to MS medium containing 200 mM mannitol for expression study. ABA treatment: 1-week-old seedlings of Brassica napus were transferred to MS medium containing 100 μM ABA for expression study. Low Pi: 1-week-old seedlings of Brassica napus were transferred to MS medium containing 10 μM phosphate for expression study. Six-day-old transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings were transferred to 50 μM low phosphate (LP) medium for a few days. | Positive regulator of salt stress and low Pi. | [25] | |
Arabidopsis thaliana | AtCBL10 | Salt | cbl10 mutant was more sensitive to salt stress. | Four-week-old Arabidopsis thaliana plants were treated with 300 mM NaCl once every three days for two weeks. | Positive regulator of salt stress. | [27] | |
Solanum lycopersicum | SlCBL10 | Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pto) strain DC3000 infection | Silencing of SlCBL10 led to improved resistance to Pto strain DC3000 infection. | Solanum lycopersicum plants were infected with Pto strain DC3000. | Negative regulator of Pto strain DC3000 infection. | [28] | |
Calcium-dependent protein kinase (CPK) | Arabidopsis thaliana | AtCPK10 | Drought | cpk10 mutant plants were more sensitive to drought stress. Overexpression of AtCPK10 conferred improved tolerance to drought stress. | One-week-old seedlings were grown for 20 days with or without watering. | Positive regulator of drought stress. | [32] |
AtCPK6 | PEG-induced drought stress, salt | Overexpression of AtCPK6 in Arabidopsis thaliana conferred tolerance to drought and salt stress. | Drought stress: 3-week-old plants grown in potting soil were watered with 15% polyethylene glycol (PEG) for two weeks. Salt stress: 3-week-old plants grown in potting soil were watered with 250 mM NaCl for two weeks. | Positive regulator of drought stress and salt stress. | [34] | ||
Zea mays | ZmCPK4 | Drought, ABA | Overexpression of ZmCPK4 in Arabidopsis thaliana conferred tolerance to drought stress and increased sensitivity to ABA. | ABA treatment: Arabidopsis thaliana seeds were planted on MS medium supplemented with 0, 1, 2, or 5 µM ABA for germination study. Four-day-old Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings were transferred to MS medium with 50 µM ABA for phenotypic study. Rosette leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana were treated with 10 µM ABA under light for two hours for stomatal aperture study. Drought: 4-week-old Arabidopsis thaliana plants were subject to drought stress by withholding water for 25 days. | Positive regulator of drought stress and ABA sensitivity. | [36] | |
Oryza sativa | OsCPK9 | Drought, ABA, salt, osmotic stress. | The expression of OsCPK9 was induced by ABA, NaCl and osmotic stress. Overexpression of OsCPK9 in Oryza sativa conferred increased tolerance to drought stress. Silencing of OsCPK9 led to reduced tolerance to drought stress. | ABA: 2-week-old Oryza sativa seedlings were transferred to plastic boxes containing 100 μM ABA for 24 h for expression study. Salt: 2-week-old Oryza sativa seedlings were transferred to plastic boxes containing 200 mM NaCl for 24 h for expression study. Osmotic stress: 2-week-old Oryza sativa seedlings were transferred to plastic boxes containing 20% PEG-6000 for 24 h for expression study. Drought: 3-week-old Oryza sativa seedlings were deprived of water for 20 or 27 days before recovery with watering for three days for tolerance study. | Positive regulator of drought stress and ABA sensitivity. | [37] | |
OsCPK12 | Salt, Magnaporthe grisea infection | Overexpression of OsCPK12 in Oryza sativa conferred increased tolerance to salt stress and increased sensitivity to ABA. Silencing and mutation of OsCPK12 led to increased sensitivity to salt stress. Overexpression of OsCPK12 in Oryza sativa conferred increased sensitivity to blast fungus, Ina86-137. | Salt stress: 2-week-old seedlings were exposed to 200 mM NaCl solution for five days. ABA treatment: 5-day-old seedlings were transferred to Yoshida’s nutrient solution supplemented with 0.5 µM ABA for two weeks. Magnaporthe grisea infection: agar slice with Magnaporthe grisea was attached to wounded leaves of 2–4-week-old Oryza sativa seedlings. | Positive regulator of salt stress, negative regulator of M. grisea infection. | [38] | ||
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) | Glycine soja | GsCBRLK | Cold, ABA, salt, osmotic stress | The expression of GsCBRLK was induced in leaf by cold, ABA, NaCl, and PEG treatments. The expression of GsCBRLK in root had diverse responses to cold, ABA, NaCl and PEG. Overexpression of GsCBRLK in Arabidopsis thaliana led to improved tolerance to NaCl and reduced sensitivity to ABA. | Cold: 1-month-old soybean seedlings were incubated at 4°C for 0.5, 1, 3, or 6 h for expression study. ABA treatment: 1-month-old soybean seedlings were treated with 100 µM ABA for 0.5, 1, 3, or 6 h for expression study. Twenty-one-day-old transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants were treated with 100 µM ABA for stress response study. Salt: 1-month-old soybean seedlings were treated with 200 mM NaCl for 0.5, 1, 3, or 6 h for expression study. 21-day-old transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants were treated with 200 mM NaCl for stress response study. Osmotic stress: 1-month-old soybean seedlings were treated with 30% PEG 6000 for 0.5, 1, 3, or 6 h for expression study. | Positive regulator of salt stress but negative regulator of ABA sensitivity | [29] |
Solanum lycopersicum | SlCCaMK | Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000 infection, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) infection | The expression of SlCCaMK was induced in leaf by S. sclerotiorum infection but repressed in leaf by Pto DC3000 /Xoo infection. Knock-down of SlCCaMK led to reduced resistance to S. sclerotiorum and Pto DC3000 infections. | Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection: S. sclerotiorum was inoculated into leaves of 7–8-week-old Solanum lycopersicum for expression study. Pto DC3000 infection: bacterial suspension culture was infiltrated into leaves for stress response study. Xoo infection: bacterial suspension was infiltrated into leaves for stress response study. | Positive regulator of S. sclerotiorum and Pto DC3000 infections. | [40] | |
Triticum aestivum | TaCCaMK | Salt, PEG-induced drought stress, ABA treatment | The expression of TaCCaMK was reduced by NaCl, PEG, and ABA treatments. Overexpression of TaCCaMK in Arabidopsis thaliana led to decreased sensitivity to ABA and improved tolerance to NaCl. | Salt: 7-day-old Triticum aestivum seedlings were treated with 200 mM NaCl in Hoagland’s solution for expression study. Seeds of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana was germinated on MS agar supplemented with 0, 50, 100, 150 or 200 mM NaCl for a germination assay. Four-day-old seedlings of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana grown on MS agar were transferred to MS agar supplemented with 0, 100, 170, or 200 mM NaCl for 10 days for phenotypic study. PEG-induced drought stress: 7-day-old Triticum aestivum seedlings were treated with 16% PEG in Hoagland solution for expression study. ABA treatment: 7-day-old Triticum aestivum seedlings were treated with 5 µM ABA in Hoagland’s solution for expression study. Seeds of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana were germinated on MS agar supplemented with 0, 1, or 3 µM ABA for germination assay. Four-day-old seedlings of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana grown on MS agar were transferred to MS agar supplemented with 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, or 80 µM ABA for 10 days for phenotypic study. | Positive regulator of salt stress, negative regulator of ABA sensitivity. | [43] |
Plant | ERF | Induction by | Target Gene Promoter Sequence | Results of Overexpression | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pepper | CaPF1 | Xanthomonas axonopodis | GCC box/DRE sequence | Resistance to disease and cold | [88] |
Cotton | GhERF6 | Ethylene, ABA, salt, cold, and drought | GCC box | Resistance to salt, cold & drought | [90] |
Soybean | GmERF3 | Ethylene, ABA, SA, JA, Soybean Mosaic Virus, dehydration, salt | GCC box/DRE sequence | Resistance to disease, drought and high salt, induction of PR genes | [78] |
Tomato | JERF1 | Ethylene, MeJA, ABA, and salt | GCC box/DRE sequence | Resistance to salt and cold, induction of the ABA biosynthesis-related gene NtSDR, accumulation of ABA | [81] |
JERF3 | Ethylene, JA, ABA, cold, salt | GCC box/DRE sequence | Resistance to salt, induction of PR genes | [77] | |
LeERF3b (class II) | Ethylene, cold, drought | GCC box/DRE sequence/C-repeat | Cold tolerance | [86] | |
SlERF5 | High salinity, drought, flooding, wounding and cold | GCC box | Resistance to drought and salt | [80] | |
Wheat | TaERF3 | Salt, polyethylene glycol (PEG) | GCC box | Resistance to drought and salt | [79] |
TaERF7 | Drought, salt, MeJA, ethylene and ABA. Depressed by cold | GCC box | Resistance to salt, accumulation of soluble carbohydrates and decreased concentration of malondialdehyde, susceptibility to cold | [89] | |
TaPIE1 | Ethylene, Rhizoctonia cerealis and freezing stresses | GCC box | Resistance to R. cerealis and freezing stress, higher accumulation of soluble sugars and proline | [87] | |
Rice | OsWR1 | Drought, ABA and salt | GCC box/DRE sequence | Induction of wax/cutin synthesis genes | [91] |
OsEREBP1 | Xanthomonas oryzae | GCC box | Resistance to cold, salinity, drought & submergence, induction of genes for JA and ABA biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, alcohol dehydrogenases (related to submergence), and PR genes | [75,92] | |
Tobacco | OPBP1 | Cryptogein, salt, ethephon, MeJA, cycloheximide. | GCC box | Resistance to pathogen and salt stress, induction of PR genes | [93] |
Tsi1 | Salt, ethephon, SA | GCC box/DRE sequence | Resistance to pathogen and salt, induction of PR genes | [76] |
Class of G-Protein | Plant Species | Gene | Stress | Response | Treatment Description | Positive/Negative Regulator | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heterotrimeric G-protein α subunit | Arabidopsis thaliana | AGA1 | Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000 infection | aga1 mutant failed to close stomata after coronatine treatment, and thus exhibited higher susceptibility to Pto DC3000 infection | Five-week-old seedlings were dipped upside down in coronatine (COR)-deficient mutant Pto DC3000 bacterial suspension for a few seconds | Positive regulator of coronatine-induced stomatal closure, and in turn, stomatal defense against Pto DC3000 infection. | [152] |
Oryza sativa | D1 | Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae infection | d1 mutant, which is deficient in G-protein α subunit failed to defend against X. oryzae pv. oryzae infection and exhibited delayed induction of probenazole-inducible protein (PBZ1) | At four weeks after sowing, the uppermost fully opened leaves were inoculated by the double-needle pricking and cutting method | Positive regulator of bacterial blight resistance. Acts through the phosphorylation of both the 48-kDa putative MAPK and the 55-kDa putative CDPK, and induces PBZ1 production | [132] | |
Heterotrimeric G-protein β subunit | Arabidopsis thaliana | AGB1 | Hyaloperono-spora arabidopsidis Noco2 and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000 infections | agb1 mutant is identified to suppress cell death and defense response phenotypes of bir1-1 mutant | H. arabidopsidis infection: 2-week-old seedlings were sprayed with spore suspensions of H. arabidopsidis Noco2 at a concentration of 50,000 spores per mL water Pto DC3000 infection: 5- to 6-week-old seedlings pre-infiltrated with 1 µM flg22, 1 µM elf18, or 200 µg∙mL−1 chitin (PAMPs) followed by infiltration with Pto DC3000 suspension | Positive regulator of PAMP-trigged responses. Functions downstream of BIR1-1 and plays positive role in salicylic acid (SA) level | [131] |
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans and Alternaria brassicicola (isolate UQ4273) infections | agb1 mutant is more susceptible to necrotrophic pathogens (F. oxysporum and A. brassicicola). At the initial phase of infection, AGB1 works in a pathway independent of SA, JA/ethylene and ABA signalling. | F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans infection: 2-week-old plants removed from soil were immersed in F. oxysporum spore solution (106 spores∙mL−1) for 30–60 s, and then replanted in fresh autoclaved soil. Phenotype was recorded by counting the number of yellow-veined leaves. A plant was considered dead when all leaves had turned yellow. A. brassicicola infection: 3-week-old Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings were grown in 100% humidity chambers for five days before inoculation with A. brassicicola (isolate UQ4273) spore suspension. Number of leaves with spreading lesions was recorded at five days post-inoculation. | Positive regulator against F. oxysporum and A. brassicicola infections through pathways both dependent on and independent of SA, JA and ethylene. | [133] | |||
Heterotrimeric G-protein γ subunit | Arabidopsis thaliana | AGG1 and AGG2 | Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000 | agg1 agg2 double mutant fails to exhibit PAMP-triggered responses | Five- to 6-week-old seedlings were pre-infiltrated with 1 µM flg22, 1 µM elf18, or 200 µg∙mL−1 chitin (PAMPs), and then infiltrated with Pto DC3000 suspension | Positive regulator of PAMP-triggered responses | [131] |
Extra-large G-protein | Arabidopsis thaliana | XLG2 | Infection by virulent and avirulent Pseudomonas strains | xlg2 mutant exhibits higher susceptibility towards both virulent and avirulent Pseudomonas strains | Leaves of 5-week-old seedlings were infiltrated with 3 × 104 cfu/mL (for virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000) or 1 × 105 cfu/mL (for avirulent Pto avrRpm1 and P. syringae pv. phaseolicola strains) bacterial suspension | Positive regulator of non-host basal resistance | [137] |
Obg protein | Oryza sativa | TSV3 | Cold stress | tsv3 mutant exhibits albino phenotype under cold stress at early-leaf stages | Seedlings were grown in growth chamber with 12 h light and 12 h dark and at constant temperature of either 20 °C (cold treatment) or 30 °C. Phenotypes were observed at 3- and 4-leaf stages. | Positive regulator of cold stress, associated with biogenesis of chloroplast ribosome 50S subunit at 3-leaf stage under cold stress | [139] |
DRG protein | Arabidopsis thaliana | DRG1-3 | Heat | DRG1-3 expression is induced by heat stress after 1-4 h | Arabidopsis wild type seeds were germinated and grown on Jiffy medium under continuous light at 23 °C constant temperature, and heat shock was performed for up to four hours | Positive regulator of heat stress response | [140] |
YchF protein | Oryza sativa and Arabidopsis thaliana | OsYchF1 and AtYchF1 | Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000 infections | Ectopic expression and over-expression of OsYchF1 and AtYchF1 in Arabidopsis enhanced susceptibilities to bacterial infection. Arabidopsis AtYchF1- knockdown mutant exhibits enhanced resistance. | Eight-week-old seedlings were inoculated with Xoo and Pto DC3000 via syringe infiltration on abaxial surface of leaves. Disease lesions, pathogen titers and expressions of PR genes were examined three days after inoculation. | Negative regulator of resistance against Pto DC3000 | [141] |
Salt stress | Ectopic expression and over-expression of OsYchF1 and AtYchF1 in Arabidopsis enhances sensitivity to salt stress. Arabidopsis AtYchF1-knockdown mutant is more salt-tolerant | Ten-day-old seedlings grown on MS medium were transferred onto MS medium supplemented with 150 mM NaCl. Chlorosis phenotype, chlorophyll content, lipid peroxidation, and salt-responsive gene expressions were recorded after 10 days of salt treatment | Negative regulator of salt stress | [142] | |||
Small G-protein | Oryza sativa | OsRAC1 | Magnaporthe grisea and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae infections | Over-expression of OsRac1 shows hypersensitive responses and increases resistance against a virulent race of rice blast fungus (M. grisea, race 007) and bacterial blight (X. oryzae pv. oryzae, race 1) | Magnaporthe grisea inoculation was performed via press-injured spots of 2.0 mm diameter made with a specially designed pressing machine (Fujihara co.) on leaf blades of 60-day-old seedlings. A piece of agar covered with spores was then placed on the injured spots. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae inoculation was done at panicle initiation to bolting stage by clipping off the leaves at 2–3 cm from leaf tip with sterilized scissors and dipping the clipped edge of leaves in the bacterial suspension (approximately 109 cfu/mL). | Positive regulator of resistance to both necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens | [153] |
Nicotiana tabacum | RGP1 | Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection | Over-expression of a Ras-related small G-protein, RGP1, shows higher production of salicylic acid and PR proteins and increased resistance towards TMV | Wounding was made on fully expanded fifth leaves (leaf 5) by punching out leaf discs from seedlings at 16-leaves stage. For quantitation of SA and SAG, the target leaves were wounded by gentle rubbing of the upper epidermis with wet carborundum. For TMV inoculation, upper fully expanded leaves were detached and inoculated with TMV (10 viral particles /g/mL) by using carborundum (Mesh 600) and incubated at 20 °C under continuous illumination. | Positive regulator of resistance against tobacco mosaic virus infection | [148] | |
Arabidopsis thaliana | AtRac1 | Drought and ABA treatments | rac1 mutant fails to interrupt the ABA-mediated actin skeleton in guard cells during drought condition and thus blocks stomatal closure | 10–50 μM ABA was applied to 2-week-old seedlings for 30 min after 48 h induction with 10 μM DEX in white-light condition. Widths and lengths of stomatal opening were measured using a LSM410 inverted confocal microscope. | Positive regulator of stomatal closure during drought condition or ABA treatment | [149] | |
Oryza sativa and Arabidopsis thaliana | OsRAN2 | Salt, osmotic stress, and ABA treatments | Over-expression of OsRAN2 in both rice and Arabidopsis lead to shorter and fewer roots and smaller leaves under salt and osmotic stress. | Transgenic Arabidopsis plants with ectopically expressed OsRAN2 were grown on MS agar plates supplemented with 100 mM NaCl, 100 mM KCl. Phenotypes were recorded after two weeks. | Negative regulator of salt and osmotic stress, likely acting through ABA signalling pathway | [150] | |
Cold stress | OsRAN2 expression is induced during cold stress. OsRAN2-overexpressing lines show higher survival rates (seedlings being able to grow and stay green) under cold treatment compared to wild type | Transgenic rice lines over-expressing OsRAN2 were germinated in water (as control) or in water containing 100 mM NaCl, 100 mM KCl, 10% PEG 6000, or 10 μM ABA. Phenotypes were observed after five and 10 days. Two-week-old OsRAN2-overexpressing rice lines at the tetraphyllous leaf stage were treated at 4 °C for 72 h. The seedlings were allowed to recover in normal greenhouse conditions for two weeks. | Positive regulator of cold tolerance, by maintaining cell division via promoting the export of intra-nuclear tubulin at the end of mitosis, thus maintaining normal nuclear envelope under cold stress | [151] |
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Ku, Y.-S.; Sintaha, M.; Cheung, M.-Y.; Lam, H.-M. Plant Hormone Signaling Crosstalks between Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 3206. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103206
Ku Y-S, Sintaha M, Cheung M-Y, Lam H-M. Plant Hormone Signaling Crosstalks between Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(10):3206. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103206
Chicago/Turabian StyleKu, Yee-Shan, Mariz Sintaha, Ming-Yan Cheung, and Hon-Ming Lam. 2018. "Plant Hormone Signaling Crosstalks between Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 10: 3206. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103206