An Ultradian Feeding Schedule in Rats Affects Metabolic Gene Expression in Liver, Brown Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Muscle with Only Mild Effects on Circadian Clocks

De Goede, Paul; Sen, Satish; Su, Yan; Foppen, Ewout; Poirel, Vincent-Joseph; Challet, Etienne; Kalsbeek, Andries

doi:10.3390/ijms19103171

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An Ultradian Feeding Schedule in Rats Affects Metabolic Gene Expression in Liver, Brown Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Muscle with Only Mild Effects on Circadian Clocks

^1,†,

^1,2,3,†

^1,2,

^1,2,

Vincent-Joseph Poirel

⁴,

Etienne Challet

and

Andries Kalsbeek

^1,2,5,*

Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands

Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Amsterdam 1105 BA, The Netherlands

Circadian Clocks & Metabolism Team, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, UPR3212, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France

⁴

Melatonin and Seasonal Rhythms Team, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, UPR3212, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France

⁵

Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

These authors contributed equally.

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19(10), 3171; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103171

Received: 11 September 2018 / Revised: 4 October 2018 / Accepted: 11 October 2018 / Published: 15 October 2018

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circadian Rhythms: Molecular and Physiological Mechanisms)

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Abstract

Restricted feeding is well known to affect expression profiles of both clock and metabolic genes. However, it is unknown whether these changes in metabolic gene expression result from changes in the molecular clock or in feeding behavior. Here we eliminated the daily rhythm in feeding behavior by providing 6 meals evenly distributed over the light/dark-cycle. Animals on this 6-meals-a-day feeding schedule retained the normal day/night difference in physiological parameters including body temperature and locomotor activity. The daily rhythm in respiratory exchange ratio (RER), however, was significantly phase-shifted through increased utilization of carbohydrates during the light phase and increased lipid oxidation during the dark phase. This 6-meals-a-day feeding schedule did not have a major impact on the clock gene expression rhythms in the master clock, but did have mild effects on peripheral clocks. In contrast, genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism showed differential expression. In conclusion, eliminating the daily rhythm in feeding behavior in rats does not affect the master clock and only mildly affects peripheral clocks, but disturbs metabolic rhythms in liver, skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue in a tissue-dependent manner. Thereby, a clear daily rhythm in feeding behavior strongly regulates timing of peripheral metabolism, separately from circadian clocks. View Full-Text

Keywords: suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN); circadian clock; soleus muscle (SM); brown adipose tissue (BAT); liver; 6-meal feeding; respiratory exchange ratio (RER); clock genes; metabolic genes; shift work

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De Goede, P.; Sen, S.; Su, Y.; Foppen, E.; Poirel, V.-J.; Challet, E.; Kalsbeek, A. An Ultradian Feeding Schedule in Rats Affects Metabolic Gene Expression in Liver, Brown Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Muscle with Only Mild Effects on Circadian Clocks. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 3171. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103171

AMA Style

De Goede P, Sen S, Su Y, Foppen E, Poirel V-J, Challet E, Kalsbeek A. An Ultradian Feeding Schedule in Rats Affects Metabolic Gene Expression in Liver, Brown Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Muscle with Only Mild Effects on Circadian Clocks. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(10):3171. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103171

Chicago/Turabian Style

De Goede, Paul, Satish Sen, Yan Su, Ewout Foppen, Vincent-Joseph Poirel, Etienne Challet, and Andries Kalsbeek. 2018. "An Ultradian Feeding Schedule in Rats Affects Metabolic Gene Expression in Liver, Brown Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Muscle with Only Mild Effects on Circadian Clocks" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 10: 3171. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103171

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An Ultradian Feeding Schedule in Rats Affects Metabolic Gene Expression in Liver, Brown Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Muscle with Only Mild Effects on Circadian Clocks

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