Estrogen, Estrogen Receptor and Lung Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Estrogen Receptor in Lung Cancer
3. Hormone Replacement Therapy and Lung Cancer Risk and Survival
4. ER as Targets for Lung Cancer Therapy and Relationship with EGFR
5. Smoking Aggravates the Effect of Estrogen and Endocrine Disruptive Chemical Targeting ERβ from the Environment May Contribute to the Lung Carcinogenesis
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
EDC | Endocrine disruptive chemical |
EGFR | Epidermal growth factor receptor |
ER | Estrogen receptor |
ERα | Estrogen receptor α |
ERβ | Estrogen receptor β |
GPER | G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor |
HRT | Hormone replacement therapy |
NSCLC | Non-small cell lung cancer |
OPN | Osteopontin |
PM | Particulate matters |
SCLC | Small cell lung cancer |
SNPs | Single nucleotide polymorphisms |
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References | ER Subtype | Location | Prognosis |
---|---|---|---|
Kawai 2005 [20] | α | Cytoplasm | Worse |
β | Nucleus | Better | |
Schwartz 2005 [21] | β | Non-specified | Better (male) |
Worse (female) * | |||
Wu 2005 [51] | β | Nucleus | Better |
Skov 2005 [52] | β | Nucleus | Better (male) |
Worse (female) | |||
Nose 2009 [53] | α | Cytoplasm | Worse |
β | Nucleus | Better | |
Raso 2009 [54] | β | Nucleus | Worse |
Stabile 2011 [55] | β | Cytoplasm | Worse |
Rouquette 2012 [56] | α | Nucleus | Better |
Rades 2012 [57] | α | Non-specified | Worse |
Karlsson 2012 [58] | β | Nucleus | Better |
Navaratnam 2012 [59] | β1 | Nucleus | Better in earlier stage |
Worse in later stage | |||
Liu 2013 [60] | β2,5 | Cytoplasm | Better |
Kadota 2015 [61] | α | Nucleus | Worse |
Liu 2015 [62] | β | Cytoplasm | Better |
Skjefstad 2016 [63] | β | Nucleus | Worse (female) |
Tanaka 2016 [64] | β | Non-specified | Worse (male) |
Patient Population | Allowed Prior Therapy | Treatment | Correlate Response with Receptors Expression | ClinicalTrials.Gov Identifier & Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Stage IIIB or IV NSCLC, both gender | ≥1 prior chemotherapy | Erlotinib + fulvestrant vs. Erlotinib | Yes | NCT00100854 Active, not recruiting (2004~) |
Stage IIIB or IV NSCLC, both gender, ER or PR positive | Stable disease on erlotinib >2 months, prior chemotherapy not defined | Erlotinib + fulvestrant (single arm) | Before trial entry | NCT00592007 Terminated with results (2007~) |
Stage IIIB or IV, postmenopausal women | Completed 4 cycles of induction platinum-based chemotherapy | Arm B-1. Best supportive care (BSC); Arm B-2. BSC + bevacizumab; Arm A-1. Fulvestrant + anastrozole; Arm A-2. Fulvestrant + anastrazole + bevacizumab | Yes | NCT00932152 Terminated with results (2010~) |
Stage III or IV NSCLC, postmenopausal women | Chemotherapy, 0–1 line for EGFR mutations and 1–2 lines for EGFR wild type | Gefitinib + fulvestrant vs. Gefitinib for EGFR mutations; Erlotinib + fulvestrant vs. Erlotinib for EGFR wild type | No | NCT01556191 Recruiting (2012~) |
Stage IV NSCLC, postmenopausal women | Phase I dose escalating study | Exemestane + premetrexed, carboplatin | No | NCT01664754 Active, not recruiting (2012~) |
Stage III or IV NSCLC, postmenopausal women | Chemotherapy 1–3 line | Exemestane (single arm) | No | NCT02666105 Recruiting (2016~) |
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Hsu, L.-H.; Chu, N.-M.; Kao, S.-H. Estrogen, Estrogen Receptor and Lung Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 1713. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18081713
Hsu L-H, Chu N-M, Kao S-H. Estrogen, Estrogen Receptor and Lung Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017; 18(8):1713. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18081713
Chicago/Turabian StyleHsu, Li-Han, Nei-Min Chu, and Shu-Huei Kao. 2017. "Estrogen, Estrogen Receptor and Lung Cancer" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18, no. 8: 1713. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18081713