Focus on Extracellular Vesicles: Exosomes and Their Role in Protein Trafficking and Biomarker Potential in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Alzheimer’s Disease
2.1. Association of APP and Its Metabolites with Exosomes
Exosome Source | Findings | Transfer? | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
In Vitro Source | |||
SKNSH-SY5Y cells (differentiated) expressing WT APP |
| × | [22] |
CHO cells expressing WT APP |
| × | [23] |
N2a cells expressing human AβPP Swedish mutation |
| × | [24] |
N2a and primary cultured hippocampal cells of Prnp+/+ and Prnp−/− mice |
| × | [25] |
N2a and BV-2 cells |
| √ | [26] |
Mouse primary astrocytes and neurons |
| √ | [27] |
Mouse primary astrocytes and neurons |
| × | [28] |
BE(2)-M17D cells expressing WT tau (inducible) |
| × | [29] |
Dendritic cells transfected with Lamp2b fused to the neuron-specific rabies viral glycoprotein peptide |
| √ | [30] |
Brains of transgenic mice overexpressing human APP |
| × | [31] |
CSF collected from Cynomolgus monkeys and APP transgenic mice in addition to primary neuronal and N2a cells |
| × | [32,33] |
Mouse serum of 5XFAD mice |
| × | [34] |
Human serum and plasma |
| × | [35] |
2.2. Association of Tau with Exosomes
3. Parkinson’s Disease
Association of α-Synuclein with Exosomes
Exosome Source | Findings | Transfer? | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
In Vitro Source | |||
SH-SY5Y o/e WT α-syn |
| × | [52] |
| √ | [54] | |
SH-SY5Y cells (differentiated) expressing WT α-syn (inducible) |
| × | [57] |
SH-SY5Y o/e WT or A53T α-syn |
| × | [62] |
Primary neurons and H4 cells o/e WT α-syn |
| √ | [53] |
PC12 cells o/e α-syn A30P−/+ p25α |
| × | [63] |
N2a cells WT and o/e α-syn |
| × | [75] |
SH-SY5Y or HEK293 o/e WT α-syn with or without PARK9 expression |
| × | [55] |
mouse primary neurons (o/e or KD of PARK9) and patient fibroblasts |
| × | [56] |
H4 cells o/e low or high aggregating α-syn |
| × | [59] |
Enteric primary neurons |
| × | [58] |
Mouse and human plasma |
| × | [60] |
Patient urine and CSF |
| × | [70] |
Patient sera |
| × | [76] |
Patient urine |
| × | [71] |
Human CSF N2a and Oli-neu cells |
| × | [61] |
4. Use of Exosomes in Biomarker Discovery for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease
5. Conclusions
5.1. A Role for Exosomes in Protein Propagation in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease?
5.2. The Use of Exosomes as Therapeutics
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vella, L.J.; Hill, A.F.; Cheng, L. Focus on Extracellular Vesicles: Exosomes and Their Role in Protein Trafficking and Biomarker Potential in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17020173
Vella LJ, Hill AF, Cheng L. Focus on Extracellular Vesicles: Exosomes and Their Role in Protein Trafficking and Biomarker Potential in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(2):173. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17020173
Chicago/Turabian StyleVella, Laura J., Andrew F. Hill, and Lesley Cheng. 2016. "Focus on Extracellular Vesicles: Exosomes and Their Role in Protein Trafficking and Biomarker Potential in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 2: 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17020173
APA StyleVella, L. J., Hill, A. F., & Cheng, L. (2016). Focus on Extracellular Vesicles: Exosomes and Their Role in Protein Trafficking and Biomarker Potential in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17(2), 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17020173