Non-Coding RNAs in Saliva: Emerging Biomarkers for Molecular Diagnostics
Abstract
:1. Introduction: Saliva as a Liquid Biopsy
2. Salivary Non-Coding RNAs Associated with Physiological and Pathological States
2.1. Characterization of Salivary Non-Coding RNAs
2.2. Salivary Exosomes as a Source of Non-Coding RNAs
2.3. Salivary Non-Coding RNAs as a Source of Biomarkers for Local and Systemic Diseases
Ref. | Study | Saliva Fraction | Disease | Study Cohort | Technique | Molecular Profile |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characterization | ||||||
[76] | Weber et al., Clin. Chem. 2010 | CFS | characterization | 5 healthy donors | Human miScript Assay panel (Qiagen)—714 miRNA | miR-182*, miR-450b-5p, miR-622, miR-141, miR-26a, miR-145*, miR-135b*, miR-381, miR-96*, miR-1228, miR-431* |
[74] | Michael et al., Oral Dis. 2010 | exosomes | characterization | 2 healthy donors | miRCURY LNA microRNA Array, v.10.0, (Exiqon, Denmark) | let-7b, let-7c*, miR-128, miR-150*, miR-17, miR-1908, miR-212, miR-27b*, miR-29b, miR-29c, (Top-10) |
[77] | Patel et al., Arch Oral Biol. 2011 | WS | characterization | 20 healthy donors | TaqMan1 Low Density Array Card (TLDA) Human miRNA Panel v2.0 (Applied Biosystems) | miR-223, miR-191, miR-16, miR-203, and miR-24 |
[21] | Spielmann et al., Clin. Chem. 2012 | CFS and WS | characterization | 8 healthy donors | SOLiDTM Total RNA-Seq Kit and Barcoding Kit (modules 1–16) (Applied Biosystems) | 224 snoRNAs |
[91] | Gallo et al., PLoS ONE 2012 | exosomes | characterization | Healthy donors (# N/A) | TaqMan MicroRNA Assay, PN 4427975, Applied Biosystems | miR-22, miR202, miR-203, miR-1273d |
[72] | Ogawa et al., Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2013 | exosomes and WS | characterization | 1 healthy donor (7 saliva collection replicates) | Illumina Genome Analyzer Iix by Hokkaido System Sciences Co., Ltd. (Japan) | miR-378a, miR-143, let-7c, miR-146b, miR-21, let-7f-1, let-7f-2, miR-30a, miR-9-1, miR-9-2, miR-9-3, let-7a-1, let-7a-2, miR-20a, miR-30d, miR-30e; piR-39980, piR-48209, piR-52207, piR-38581, piR-36095, piR-59293, piR-61648, piR-55361; U78, U44, U21, U31, U104, U15A, snR39B |
[73] | Bahn et al., Clin. Chem. 2014 | CFS | characterization | 8 healthy donors | Illumina HiSeq 50SE | 127–418 miRNAs (Top-2: miR-223-3p and miR-148a-3p) |
Local & Systemic Diseases | ||||||
[78] | Park NJ et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 2009 | CFS and WS | oral squamous cell carcinoma | 50 OSCC patients and 50 healthy matched controls | RT-preamp-qPCR | miR-125a and miR-200a |
[93] | Wiklund et al., PLoS ONE 2011 | WS | oral squamous cell carcinoma | 15 OSCC patients and 7 healthy controls | TaqManH qRT-PCR assays (Applied Biosystems) | miR-375 and miR-200a expression and miR-200c-141 methylation |
[94] | Liu CJ et al., Head Neck 2012 | CFS | oral squamous cell carcinoma | 45 oral carcinoma, 10 oral verrucous leukoplakia, and 24 healthy controls | TaqMan miRNA assay system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) | miR-31 |
[95] | Matse et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 2013 | WS | paratiroid gland tumors | 38 malignant tumors and 29 benign parotid gland tumors | TaqMan Human MicroRNA Cards (Applied Biosystems) and RTqPCR | hsa-miR-132, hsa-miR-15b, mmu-miR-140, and hsa-miR-22 |
[96] | Tang et al., Mol. Med. Rep. 2013 | SP | oral squamous cell carcinoma | 4 OSCC saliva samples and 12 healthy controls | RT-qPCR of six lncRNAs found in OSCC tissue | MALALT-1, HOTAIR |
[97] | Wang et al., Biosens. Bioelectron. 2013 | CFS | oral squamous cell carcinoma | 5 artificial saliva samples (spiked) | Novel home-made electrochemical biosensor magnetic-controllable gold electrode | miR- 200a, miR-142-3p, miR-93 and miR-125a |
[98] | Xie Z et al., PLoS ONE 2013 | CFS and WS | esophageal squamous cell carcinoma | NA | Agilent miRNA microarray | miR-144, miR-10b*, miR-21 and miR-451 |
[99] | Yang et al., BMC Cancer 2013 | SP | oral squamous cell carcinoma | 7 non-progressing LGD, 8 progressing LGD into OSCC and 7 healthy controls | The TaqManW low density array (TLDA) qRT-PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) | miR-10b, miR-660, miR-708, miR-30e, miR-145, miR-99b, miR-181c and miR-197 |
[100] | Salazar et al., Cell Oncol. 2014 | WS | head and neck cancer | 61 HNSCC patients and 61 healthy controls | miScriptTM miRNA microarray, RTqPCR, TCGA | miR-9, miR-134 and miR-191 |
[101] | Wang et al., Tumor Biol. 2014 | 2 saliva data sets, 6 plasma/serum data sets (meta-analysis) | esophageal squamous cell carcinoma | 995 ESCC patients and 733 healthy controls | Bioinformatic and Statistics tools | miR-144, miR-10, miR-451 |
[102] | Momen-Heravi et al., J. Dent. Res. 2014 | CFS | oral squamous cell carcinoma | 9 OSCC patients before treatment, 8 patients with OSCC in remission, and 9 healthy controls | NanoString nCounter miRNA expression assay (NanoString Technologies, Seattle, WA, USA) | miRNA-136, miRNA-147, miRNA-1250, miRNA-148a, miRNA- 632, miRNA-646, miRNA668, miRNA- 877, miRNA-503, miRNA-220a, miRNA-323-5p, miRNA-24, miRNA-27b |
[103] | Hizir et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014 | CFS | prostate cancer | NA | nanographene oxide system | miR-21, miR141 |
[104] | Gao et al., BioMed. Res. Int. 2014 | CFS | pancreatic cancer | 30 PC patients and 32 healthy controls | miScript miRNA PCR array human miRNome (384-well plate) (Qiagen) | miR-17, miR-21, miR-181b, miR-196a |
Forensic Science | ||||||
[79] | Hanson et al., Anal. Biochem. 2009 | WS | body fluid identification | Healthy donors (# NA) | RTqPCR | miR-658, miR-205 |
[105] | Zubakov et al., Int. J. Legal. Med. 2010 | WS | body fluid identification | Healthy donors (# NA) | Microarray LNATM-modified oligo-nucleotides (Exiqon, Vedbæk, Denmark), and RTqPCR | miR-583, miR-518c*, miR-208b |
[106] | Courts et al., J. Forensic Sci. 2011 | WS | body fluid identification | Healthy donors (# NA) | Microarray Geniom Biochips (Heidelberg, Germany) and RTqPCR | miR-200c, miR-203, miR-205 |
[107] | Wang et al., Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. 2012 | WS | body fluid identification | 10 healthy donors | RTqPCR | miR-658, miR-205 |
[108] | Omelia et al., Anal. Biochem. 2013 | WS | body fluid identification | 6 healthy donors | RTqPCR | miR-205 |
[109] | Park JL et al., Electrophoresis 2014 | WS | body fluid identification | 60 healthy donors | Affymetrix Gene Chip miRNA 3.0 array and RTqPCR | miR-203, miR-205 |
[110] | Silva et al., Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. 2015 | – | body fluid identification | – | – | (Review) |
2.3.1. Non-Coding RNAs for Local Diseases
2.3.2. Non-Coding RNAs for Systemic Diseases
2.4. Forensic Science and Body Fluid Identification
3. Salivary Non-Coding RNAs as a Diagnostic Test Tool
4. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Majem, B.; Rigau, M.; Reventós, J.; Wong, D.T. Non-Coding RNAs in Saliva: Emerging Biomarkers for Molecular Diagnostics. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 8676-8698. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16048676
Majem B, Rigau M, Reventós J, Wong DT. Non-Coding RNAs in Saliva: Emerging Biomarkers for Molecular Diagnostics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2015; 16(4):8676-8698. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16048676
Chicago/Turabian StyleMajem, Blanca, Marina Rigau, Jaume Reventós, and David T. Wong. 2015. "Non-Coding RNAs in Saliva: Emerging Biomarkers for Molecular Diagnostics" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16, no. 4: 8676-8698. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16048676