Smoking and Rheumatoid Arthritis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Smoking and Risk of RA Susceptibility
Results | Study Design | Author (Year) |
---|---|---|
RA was strongly related to smoking in women. | Cohort | Vessey (1987) [9] |
Exposure to tobacco smoke or some factor or cluster of factors associated with smoking may trigger the production of rheumatoid factors and, subsequently, contribute to the development of clinically manifest RA in males. | Cohort | Heliövaara (1993) [10] |
Current smoking in men was identified as an independent risk factor for RA. | Case-control | Uhlig (1999) [11] |
Duration, but not intensity, of cigarette smoking is associated with a modest increased risk of RA in women. | Cohort | Karlson (1999) [12] |
Abstinence from smoking may reduce the risk of RA among postmenopausal women. | Cohort | Criswell (2002) [13] |
The disease risk of RF-positive RA associated with the SE of HLA-DR is strongly influenced by the presence of an environmental factor (smoking) in the population at risk. | Case-control | Padyukov (2004) [14] |
Past and current smoking were related to the development of RA, in particular seropositive RA. Both smoking intensity and duration were directly related to risk, with prolonged increased risk after cessation. | Cohort | Costenbader (2006) [15] |
Smoking is a risk factor for RA, especially RF-positive RA in men and heavy smokers. For women, the risk for smokers is about 1.3-times greater than for non-smokers. | Meta-analysis | Sugiyama (2010) [16] |
Lifelong cigarette smoking was positively associated with the risk of RA, even among smokers with a low lifelong exposure. | Meta-analysis | Di Giuseppe (2014) [17] |
3. The Effect of Smoking on the Immune System
3.1. Oxidative Stress
3.2. Apoptosis
3.3. Inflammation
3.4. Autoantibodies
3.5. Epigenetic Changes
3.6. Effect of Nicotine on Inflammation
3.7. Association of Smoking and Genetic Factors
4. Effect of Smoking on RA Synovial Fibroblasts
5. Effect of Smoking on Drug Response in RA
5.1. Serology
5.2. Cytokines
5.3. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
6. Effect of Smoking on Extra-Articular Manifestations in RA
7. Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chang, K.; Yang, S.M.; Kim, S.H.; Han, K.H.; Park, S.J.; Shin, J.I. Smoking and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15, 22279-22295. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms151222279
Chang K, Yang SM, Kim SH, Han KH, Park SJ, Shin JI. Smoking and Rheumatoid Arthritis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2014; 15(12):22279-22295. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms151222279
Chicago/Turabian StyleChang, Kathleen, So Min Yang, Seong Heon Kim, Kyoung Hee Han, Se Jin Park, and Jae Il Shin. 2014. "Smoking and Rheumatoid Arthritis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 15, no. 12: 22279-22295. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms151222279