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Review

ADAR Enzyme and miRNA Story: A Nucleotide that Can Make the Difference

1
Laboratory of RNA Editing, Onco-haematology Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, Rome 00165, Italy
2
Hepato-Metabolic Disease Unit and Liver Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, Rome 00165, Italy
3
Department of Pediatric Science, Università di Pavia, Strada Nuova 65, Pavia 27100, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(11), 22796-22816; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms141122796
Received: 8 October 2013 / Revised: 4 November 2013 / Accepted: 5 November 2013 / Published: 19 November 2013
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation by non-coding RNAs 2013)
Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) enzymes convert adenosine (A) to inosine (I) in double-stranded (ds) RNAs. Since Inosine is read as Guanosine, the biological consequence of ADAR enzyme activity is an A/G conversion within RNA molecules. A-to-I editing events can occur on both coding and non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), which are small regulatory RNAs of ~20–23 nucleotides that regulate several cell processes by annealing to target mRNAs and inhibiting their translation. Both miRNA precursors and mature miRNAs undergo A-to-I RNA editing, affecting the miRNA maturation process and activity. ADARs can also edit 3' UTR of mRNAs, further increasing the interplay between mRNA targets and miRNAs. In this review, we provide a general overview of the ADAR enzymes and their mechanisms of action as well as miRNA processing and function. We then review the more recent findings about the impact of ADAR-mediated activity on the miRNA pathway in terms of biogenesis, target recognition, and gene expression regulation. View Full-Text
Keywords: microRNA; Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR); A-to-I RNA editing; double-stranded RNA (dsRNA); non-coding sequence microRNA; Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR); A-to-I RNA editing; double-stranded RNA (dsRNA); non-coding sequence
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MDPI and ACS Style

Tomaselli, S.; Bonamassa, B.; Alisi, A.; Nobili, V.; Locatelli, F.; Gallo, A. ADAR Enzyme and miRNA Story: A Nucleotide that Can Make the Difference. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 22796-22816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms141122796

AMA Style

Tomaselli S, Bonamassa B, Alisi A, Nobili V, Locatelli F, Gallo A. ADAR Enzyme and miRNA Story: A Nucleotide that Can Make the Difference. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2013; 14(11):22796-22816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms141122796

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tomaselli, Sara, Barbara Bonamassa, Anna Alisi, Valerio Nobili, Franco Locatelli, and Angela Gallo. 2013. "ADAR Enzyme and miRNA Story: A Nucleotide that Can Make the Difference" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14, no. 11: 22796-22816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms141122796

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